eko LBL207 Low Ejection Fraction Tool User Manual
- June 1, 2024
- EKO
Table of Contents
eko LBL207 Low Ejection Fraction Tool
Overview
This manual is intended to provide information to guide trained operators in the safe and effective operation of the Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool. It is important that you read and understand all instructions in this manual before operating the device, and pay careful attention to the warnings and cautions throughout the manual. The term “low ejection fraction”, as used throughout this manual, refers specifically to a reduced ejection fraction of ≤ 40%.
CAUTION : Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool is for prescription use only
(Rx). Federal (USA) law restricts this software to sale to or on the order of
a clinician.
Eko Health, Inc. assumes no responsibility for any injury to anyone, or
improper use of the product, that may result from failure to use this product
in accordance with the instructions, cautions, warnings, or statement of
intended use published in this manual.
Eko Health, Inc. may have patents, patent applications, trademarks,
copyrights, or other intellectual property (IP) rights covering subject matter
in this document. The use of this document does not give anyone license to
these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.
The lifetime of the device (ELEFT) is 2 years.
Notices
For general and product related comments, questions, or concerns, please
contact Eko directly.
Serious Incident Reporting For the EU Market:
If a serious incident has occurred in relation to the device, it should be
reported to the manufacturer and the competent authority of the Member State
in which the user and/or patient is established. A serious incident means any
incident that directly or indirectly led, might have led or, in case of
recurrence, could lead to any of the following: the death of a patient, user
or other person, the temporary or permanent serious deterioration of a
patient’s, user’s, fetus or other person’s state of health, or a serious
public health threat.
-
Manufacturer:
Eko Health, Inc.
2100 Powell St, Suite 300
Emeryville, CA 94608
USA -
General Assistance and FAQs
ekohealth.com/getstarted -
Direct Contact
support@ekohealth.com -
Phone Support
+1.844.356.3384 (US) -
Product Reference and Information
ekohealth.com/ifu -
Patents
Listing of applicable U.S. Patents in compliance with 35 U.S.C. §287: ekohealth.com/patents -
Disclaimer
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. -
Copyright
Copyright © 2024 Eko Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Safety Related Labels & Symbols
Consult electronic instructions for use http://www.ekohealth.com/ifu
Cautions
- The Eko Low Ejection Low Ejection Fraction Tool (ELEFT) output is NOT a diagnosis. Findings from the ELEFT are only meaningful in conjunction with clinician over-read and interpretation. The user should not rely on the lack of a suspected finding to rule out follow-up and device output should not replace a full clinical evaluation of the patients.
- ELEFT can provide automatic computer interpretations. A computer-generated interpretation cannot replace sound medical reasoning by a trained professional. Therefore, a physician should always review the interpretation and final analysis should always be obtained by a physician. Proper administration, diagnosis and implementation of the test is the physician’s responsibility.
- The quality of the interpretations depends heavily upon the quality of the inputted data.
- The medical history and physical examination results must be taken into consideration during the decision-making process.
- The software should not be used on patients where the physician has difficulty using an electronic stethoscope.
- ELEFT has only been evaluated for the detection of a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of less than or equal to 40%. It cannot detect heart attacks. It is not intended for life-supporting or life-saving functionality.
- Medication adjustments should not be made based on these outputs.
- The ELEFT may be unable to return a result if the Eko stethoscope is unable to connect to the mobile device over Bluetooth or if the mobile device is unable to connect to the internet.
- The ELEFT algorithm may generate false positives and many of these false positives can be due to cardiovascular comorbidities (e.g. Left bundle branch block or Permanent Atrial Fibrillation) that are known to cause marked variations in ECG appearance.
- In the case of a positive result, consider referral for cardiology consult or echocardiogram, which can confirm the presence or absence of Low Ejection Fraction.
- ELEFT is intended for use in patients who are at-risk for heart failure.
- ELEFT should not be used in lieu of an echocardiogram or other diagnostic tests.
- ELEFT should not be used to monitor disease progression.
Indications for Use
Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool (ELEFT) is a software intended to aid clinicians in identifying individuals with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) less than or equal to 40%. ELEFT takes as input ECG and heart sounds and is intended for use on patients at risk for heart failure. This population includes, but is not limited to, patients with: coronary artery disease; diabetes mellitus; cardiomyopathy; hypertension; and obesity.
The interpretations of heart sounds and ECG offered by the software are meant only to assist healthcare providers in assessing Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≤ 40%, who may use the results in conjunction with their own evaluation and clinical judgment. It is not a diagnosis and should not be used for monitoring patients diagnosed with heart failure. This software is for use on adults (18 years and older).
Clinical Benefits
Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool (ELEFT) is a non-invasive heart failure
screening tool that is able to identify low ejection fraction with the same or
better sensitivity and specificity than any other currently available
screening method. Visualizing ELEFT outputs greatly increases the probability
of a clinician diagnosing heart failure in patients at risk for heart failure,
with the intention of improving patient outcomes.
System Network
This manual provides instructions for the use of the Eko Low Ejection Fraction
Tool. It is assumed that the user is familiar with basic mobile application
use on mobile and desktop devices.
It is highly recommended that users of the mobile app use device and
networking security features to protect patient data created and stored using
this software, in addition to security features embedded in the system.
The Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool requires a minimum internet connection
speed. The recommended upload speed for the mobile app is 4000 Kbps. 4G
cellular data service or similar is recommended.
Analysis Results
LOW EF DETECTION
The Low EF detection analysis identifies possible depressed left ventricular
EF of 40% or less. It is not a diagnosis; it is only a potential finding. You
should conduct further evaluation if a low EF is detected. It will not detect
cardiac conditions that do not cause low EF. A low EF finding is often a
recommendation for echocardiography or specialist referral.
The device is solely intended to analyze heart sound (PCG) and ECG recordings
collected by healthcare professionals or other operators with at least 5 years
experience in collecting clinical data. However, data analysis/interpretation
is restricted to qualified medical professionals.
Proper handling of the stethoscope to minimize external background noises and
hand rub/clicks should be practiced. This software cannot analyze lung sounds.
The possible results are:
- Poor ECG Signal
- Normal Ejection Fraction Detected
- Reduced Ejection Fraction Detected
Please note that ELEFT uses signal quality classifier algorithms to determine whether the ECG and PCG recordings are of sufficient signal quality for the ELEFT analysis. If a recording has poor ECG, the interpretation will return with a result of “Poor ECG signal” and will not analyze the recording.
If a recording has poor heart sound signal quality, the following message is shown to the user – “Due to poor signal quality, heart sounds were excluded from the analysis. Consider repeating the test for an analysis which includes both ECG and heart sounds.”
The performance of the signal quality classifier algorithms have been validated and the results are provided in Table 1 below.
| Good Signal | Prevalence (%) | Sensitivity (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Actual | Min Req | Actual |
| Good PCG Signal | 87.8 |
(95% CI: 86.0– 89.4)
| 75.0| 94.8
(95% CI: 93.5 – 95.9)
| 75.0
Good ECG Signal
| ****
79.9%
(95% CI: 76.9 – 82.7)
| ****
75.0
| ****
91.4%
(95% CI: 88.9 – 93.3)
| ****
75.0
Examples shown below are user interface design for taking a recording and displaying analysis results in using Eko stethoscope mobile application.
ANALYSIS USAGE
Note that the Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool has been tested on ECGs captured
from modified Lead II. A high-quality ECG signal must be present.
Standard procedures for ECG data capture should be followed including
background noise reduction and optimal patient positioning when capturing data
for the Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool. The quality of the ECG is dependent on
proper preparation practices including body hair, skin dryness, and clean
contact area.
The diagram below is an example of positioning for optimal placement and orientation of electrodes to capture the necessary ECG vector (modified Lead II). The electrodes are placed over the left pectoral muscle, centered below the clavicle and angled towards the right shoulder.
Performance Data – Clinical Testing
Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool (ELEFT) performance has been validated on a proprietary database. The database contains paired ECG and heart sound recordings and echocardiograms from 3,456 unique subjects. The paired ECG and heart sound recordings were captured with the Eko DUO digital stethoscope placed in a modified Lead II orientation. No complications or adverse events were experienced during the use of the ELEFT device. The prevalence of heart failure risk factors in the ELEFT test dataset is shown below in Table 2. The risk factors of heart failure, according to 2022 American Heart Association(AHA) guidelines1, include but are not limited to those with: coronary artery disease; diabetes mellitus; cardiomyopathy; hypertension; and obesity.
Table 2: Prevalence of heart failure risk factors in ELEFT test dataset
| Heart failure risk factor | **n(%)*** |
|---|---|
| Hypertension | 2459(71.2) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1426(41.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 960(27.8) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 625(18.1) |
| Obesity (BMI≥30) | 1563(45.2) |
| Permanent atrial fibrillation | 75(2.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 295(8.5) |
| Renal failure | 258(7.5) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 429(12.4) |
| Left bundle branch block | 156(4.5) |
| Receiving cardiotoxic drugs | 26(0.8) |
| Aortic stenosis | 160(4.6) |
| Myocardial infarction | 524(15.2) |
Ground truth for classification was obtained from gold standard echocardiogram. All subjects underwent echocardiography within a maximum of 7 days of the corresponding ECG and heart sound recordings. The subject’s true ejection fraction was measured by a cardiac technician using the echocardiogram machine’s integrated cardiac quantification software at the time of the echocardiogram and then overread by a board-certified cardiologist. Ejection fraction status was then assigned by categorizing the subject’s measured ejection fraction into Low EF (≤40%) or Normal EF (> 40%).
Based on these two categories, 9.9% of recordings came from subjects with confirmed Low EF and 90.1% of recordings came from subjects with confirmed Normal EF.
The following table (Table 3) demonstrates the results of the primary performance analysis (Low EF Detection):
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Low EF Detection | 74.7 |
(95% CI: 69.4-79.6)
| 77.5
(95% CI: 75.9-79.0)
Summary-Level Descriptions of Patient Demographics for Training Dataset
Eight sites within the US (n = 7) and India (n = 1) contributed training data from 1,515 and 337 patients, respectively. The median age in the training dataset was 66 (IQR 51-75). 51.3% (951) of patients were male and 45.7% (847) were female, while gender was unknown for the remaining 2.9% (54). The majority of patients were White (1,089 [58.8%]), followed by Black or African American (65 [3.5%]), Asian (423 [22.9%]), American Indian or Alaska Native (2 [0.1%]), Other (24 [1.3%]), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (3 [0.2%]), and Unknown (246 [13.3%]).
A total of 201 cases of EF ≤40% were identified from the 1,852 patients (prevalence 10.9%).
Summary-Level Descriptions of Patient Demographics for Test Dataset
Five sites within the US (n = 4) and India (n = 1) contributed data from 2,960
and 496 patients, respectively. For the prevalence of heart failure risk
factors, see Table 2. The median age in the sample was 64 (IQR 52-73), and
44.3%
(1,530) of patients were female. The majority of patients were White
(2,011[58.2%]), followed by Black or African American (748 [21.6%]), Asian
(517 [15.0%]), American Indian or Alaska Native (28 [0.8%]), Other (147
[4.3]), and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (5, 0.1%) and therefore
representative of the intended use population.
In this sample, 307 records were excluded as a result of poor ECG quality, and a total of 341 cases of EF ≤40% were identified from 3,456 samples (prevalence 9.9%). ELEFT achieved a sensitivity of 74.7% (95%CI: 69.4-79.6), a specificity of 77.5% (95%CI: 75.9-79.0), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 25.7% (95%CI: 22.8-28.7), and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.7% (95%CI: 95.9 to 97.4).
Associated Subgroup Analyses
Subgroup assessments of diagnostic performance were conducted to determine
if there was heterogeneity in device performance across patient demographics,
including conduction disorders. The results are summarized in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Clinical Performance in Pre-Specified Subgroup Analyses
| Subgroup | Results of Test Heterogeneity |
|---|---|
| Age | Age was stratified into four groups: 18-30, 31-50, 51-70, >70 years. |
While no significant differences in sensitivity were observed among the age
groups, the specificity of tests for patients aged >70 years (70.7% [95%CI:
67.8-73.5]) showed a slightly lower value compared to those performed on
patients aged 31-50 (80.9% [95%CI: 77.3-84.3]) and 51-70 (81.1% [95%CI:
78.8-83.2]). Elderly patients are more likely to have several cardiac
comorbidities, potentially resulting in higher rates of false positives.
Biological sex| Specificity varied slightly across biological sex (male: 73.6%
[95% CI: 71.3-75.8] vs female: 81.8% [95% CI: 79.7-83.9]. However, this may
not reflect a true difference, as the values may be confounded by the higher
prevalence of cardiac comorbidities in the male subgroup (15.6% vs. 11.5%).
Body-Mass-Index (BMI)| BMI was stratified into six categories: <18.5, 18.5-24,
25-29, 30-34, 35-39, >=40 kg/m2. No significant differences were observed.
Race/ethnicity| No significant differences were observed.
Conduction disorders| In patients with pacemakers or cardiac comorbidities
(e.g., [permanent] atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block, wide QRS
complex [>120ms]), there was an overall trend toward increased sensitivity,
however this was not significant. Specificity, conversely, was lower for
patients with the above comorbidities. These comorbidities are known to cause
variations in ECG morphology, resulting in higher rates of false positives in
these subgroups.
Technical Specification
Eko Low Ejection Fraction Tool is compatible with heart sound and ECG data recorded by Eko DUO Digital Stethoscope and the CORE 500 Digital Stethoscope, in which the recorded data satisfies the following technical specifications:
Table 5: Technical Specification of ELEFT Data Input Characteristics.
| Feature | Value |
|---|
PCG Input Characteristics
Recording length| 15s
PCG sensor technology| Digital MEMS microphone
Audio sampling rate| 4000 Hz
Audio resolution| 16 bit
Audio lossy signal compression| None
Audio Nyquist frequency| 2000 Hz
Audio Frequency range where amplitude response is greater than -3dB
(relative to max amplitude response)
| ****
70 – 300 Hz
(minimum requirement)
Diaphragm placement| Upper left sternal border
ECG Input Characteristics
ECG sampling rate| 500 Hz
ECG resolution| 16 bit
ECG lossy signal compression| None
ECG Nyquist frequency| 250 Hz
ECG Frequency range where amplitude response is between
-3dB to +3dB (relative to response at 5Hz)
| ****
0.67 – 40 Hz
(minimum requirement)
ECG electrode material| Stainless steel
ECG electrode spacing| 45 – 55 mm
Electrode placement
| AN orientation: Upper left sternal border – modified Lead II orientation
System Requirements
Below is a summary of the required system requirements and specifications for mobile devices which display results provided by the ELEFT algorithm.
Table 6: System Requirements
| Platform | Platform Compatibility |
|---|
Android
| Android 11 (API level 30) and above Android SDK version 30 BLE 4.2 and above
iOS| iOS version 15 and above Xcode version 14.3.1 and above BLE 4.2 and above
Eko maintains a public-facing website that details all necessary system requirements for enterprise customers. These support pages are reviewed and updated as part of the quarterly cybersecurity review. These pages outline the following:
- Eko Security Overview
- Port and Protocol whitelist requirements
- Customer Network Administration requirements
- Single Sign On configuration
Additionally, Eko Health has a dedicated customer support web page that provides third-party integrators with up-to-date details related to requirements for system compatibility, port and protocol whitelist, and Eko security overview. Eko has a dedicated Web page for customer support: support.ekohealth.com
The third-party integrator user manual is available on
ekohealth.com/ifu and upon request
To report security and privacy issues or concerns, Customers can contact:
security@ekohealth.com or
privacy@ekohealth.com
References
2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report
of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint
Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
References
- Patents – Eko Help Center
- Eko Help Center
- Eko Digital Stethoscopes, AI Disease Detection, & Telehealth
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