PALMER Wahl DHS40 Series High Performance Hand Held Infrared Pyrometer User Manual
- July 30, 2024
- Palmer Wahl
Table of Contents
DHS40 SERIES
HIGH PERFORMANCE HAND HELD
INFRARED PYROMETER
USER MANUAL
DHS40 Series High Performance Hand Held Infrared Pyrometer
MODELS
DHS401M
DHS402M
DHS403M
DHS40P3
DHS40P7| DHS40MT
DHS40F4
DHS40G5
DHS40G7
DHS40LT
---|---
Palmer Wahl Instruments, Inc.
234 Old Weaverville Road
Asheville, NC 28804
Toll Free: 800-421-2853
Phone: 828-658-3131
Fax: 828-658-0728
www.palmerwahl.com
Thank you for purchasing a Wahl High Performance Hand-Held Infrared Pyrometer.
We appreciate your business.
Heat Spy Warranty
Manufacturer warrants all Wahl Heat Spy Fixed Infrareds manufactured by us to
be free from defects in material or workmanship under normal use and service.
The Manufacturer agrees to repair or replace any product listed above which
upon examination is revealed to have been defective due to faulty workmanship
or material if returned to our factory, transportation charges prepaid, within
the product specific warranty period of two (2) years from date of purchase.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied and of
all obligations or liabilities on its part for damages including but not
limited to normal wear and tear or consequential damages following the use or
misuse of this or any instrument sold by the Manufacturer. In addition, if the
product
is tampered with in any way or calibrated in any way other than by the
instructions supplied by Palmer Wahl, it will immediately void the warranty.
No agent is authorized to assume, for the manufacturer, any liability except
as set forth above. Freight cost to return item(s) for evaluation, duties and
other fees are not covered by the manufacturer.
Product is automatically registered for warranty by serial number at time of
purchase. Serial number must remain attached to product upon return.
Safety Instructions
This document contains important information and should be kept with the
instrument at all times during its operational life. Other users of this
instrument should be given these instructions with the instrument. Future
updates to this information can be found at
www.wahlheatspy.com and must be added to the
original document. The instrument can only be operated by trained personnel in
accordance with these instructions and local safety regulations.
Acceptable Operation
This instrument is intended only for the measurement of temperature. The
instrument is appropriate for continuous use and operates reliably in
demanding conditions, such as in high environmental temperatures, as long as
the documented technical specifications for all instrument components are
adhered to. Compliance with the operating instructions is necessary to ensure
the expected results.
Unacceptable Operation
This instrument should not be used for medical diagnosis.
Replacement Parts and Accessories: Use only original parts and accessories
approved by the manufacturer. The use of other products can compromise the
operation, safety, and functionality of the instrument.
Instrument Disposal
Disposal of old instruments should be handled according to professional and
environmental regulations of your area for electronic waste.
Laser Warning
The instrument could be equipped with a Class 2 laser. Class 2 lasers shine
only within a visible area at an intensity of 1 mW. The laser functions only
to locate and mark surface measurement targets. Do not aim the laser at people
or animals.
DO NOT AIM THE LASER AT THE EYE AS EYE DAMAGE WILL RESULT.
Includes
The DHS40 comes included with 9V Alkaline Battery (PN:12232), Trigger Lock
(PN:9852), Carrying Case (PN: 12423-04), Certificate of Conformance (on
packing slip), and user manual (available for download).
DHS40 Specifications
High Performance Hand-Held Infrared
MEASURING
SPECIFICATIONS| Model Numbers| 1M/ 2M| 3M| MT/F4 /G5 /G7 /P7/LT| P3⁴
Optical| 100:1| 30:1
Accuracy¹| ± 0.25% of reading or ± 1°C| ± 3°C + 0.1% of reading| ± 0.6% of
reading or ± 1°C
Repeatability²| ± 0.10% of eading| ± 0.30% of reading
LCD Resolution| 1°F / 1°C| 1°F / 1°C
Response Time³| 5 mS| 150 mS| 750 mS
Emissivity| 0.10 to 1.00| 0.10 to 1.00
ELECTRONIC
SPECIFICATIONS| Meter Display| LCD with Backlight, 128 X 64 DOT
Keyboard| 4 – Key – MENU, UP, DOWN, ENTER
Alarm| High or Low
Signal Processing| MAX / MIN / AVG / Delta T / Temperature
SENSOR
SPECIFICATIONS| Ambient Temperature| 0° to 50°C (32° to 122°F)
Storage Temperature| -20° to 70°C (-4° to 158°F)
Relative Humidity| 10% to 95% non-condensing
POWER| Power Supply| 9 V DC Battery
Battery Life| 30 hours, approximately
ENCLOSURE| Housing Material| Aluminum
Housing Dimensions| 13 x 6 x 15.5 in (330.2 x 152.4 x 393.7mm)
Weight| 2.2 lbs. (0.99 kg)
¹at ambient temperature 23°C, ε =1.0, NIST transfer standard.
²at ambient temperature 23°C.
³90% of value.
⁴after 20 minuet warmup.
The Wahl DHS40 conforms to RoHS requirements according to EU Directive (EU) 2015/863- amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU for restriction of Hazardous substances.
DHS40 Product Line
DHS40 Series Models and Applications
Model Code| Type| Spectral Range| Temperature Span|
Application
---|---|---|---|---
Molten, Hot and Cold Metal Applications
1M| Ferrous
Metal| 1.0pm
1.6pm| 600° to 3000°C
(1112° to 5432°F)
400° to 2300°C
(752° to 4172°F)| Ferrous Metal
Molten Glass
Molten Metal
Molten Ceramics
Hot Graphite
2M| Hot
Metal,
Hot
Ceramic| Hot Metal
Hot Ceramic
3M| Cold
Ferrous
Metal| 2.4pm| 150° to 1200°C
(302° to 2192°F)| Cold Ferrous Metal
Iron, Steel and Steel Alloy
Model 3M is used for Iron, Steel and Steel Alloy.
It is not for use with Aluminum, Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Titanium
and Zinc.
Model Code| Type| Spectral Range| Temperature Span|
Application
---|---|---|---|---
Heating and Furnace Applications
MT| Thru
Flame| 3.9μm| 600° to 1500°C
(1112° to 2732°F)| Thru hot furnace gases and clean burning gas flames,
indicates correct temperatures of substances during warm up process in
industrial furnaces
F4| Burning
Gas| 4.11 -4.72μm| 400° to 1600°C
(752° to 2912°F)| CO2 Gas (4.24 Micron) in Chimney
NO2 Gas (4.55 Micron) in Combustion
Hot CO Gas (4.66 Micron) in Combustion
Flame Temperature in Boiler / Furnace
Utility Power Station
Biomass Boilers
Furnaces
Garbage Incinerators
Hazardous Waste
Kilns
Model Code| Type| Spectral Range| Temperature Span|
Application
---|---|---|---|---
Glass Applications
G5| Thick Glass| 50μm .| 400° to 2250°C
(752° to 4082°F)| Thick Glass above 1 mm thickness
Flat Glass Production
Glass Bending
Automobile Glass Assembly
G7| Thin Glass| 7.9μm| 40° to 1000°C
(104° to 1832°F)| Thin Glass Below 1 mm thickness
Light Bulb Production
Medical Vial Production
Model Code| Type| Spectral Range| Temperature Span|
Application
---|---|---|---|---
Plastics Applications
P3| Thin
Film
Plastics| 3.43μm| 100° to 500°C
(212 °to 932°F)| Plastic Thin Film (1 to 3 mil), Polyethylene
Films and all types of fluorocarbon-plastics
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyamide (Nylon)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Polyurethane
Vinyl / Acrylic / Polycarbonate
Cellophane
P7| Thin
Film
Plastics| 7.9μm| 40° to 600°C
(104° to 1112°F)| Plastic Thin Film, (1 to 3 mil) Polyester
Films and all types of fluorocarbon-plastics
Polyester
Cellulose Acetate
Polyurethane
Teflon (Fluoroplastic FEP)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Acrylic / Polycarbonate
Polyamide (Nylon)
Polyester (>10 pm)
Model Code| Type| Spectral Range| Temperature Span|
Application
---|---|---|---|---
Low Temperature Applications
LT| Low
Temp| 8 to
14pm| -40° to 800°C
(-40° to 1472°F)| Organic Materials
Baking Production
Painted Metal Surfaces Rubber’ Tires
Paper
Textiles
Thicker Plastics
Principle of Operation
DHS40 Series Hand-held-IR sensors use a modular structure and component interchangeability to ensure an instrument is ideally suited for each particular application. It also simplifies field troubleshooting, repair and calibration.
Basics of Infrared Thermometry
Every object emits some amount of infrared radiation. As the object
temperature increases, the intensity of the radiated energy increases. This
emitted energy is related to a term called emissivity which is a number
between 0 and 1 which is the object emitted energy in relation to a black body
perfect radiator. A perfect radiator has an emissivity of 1 meaning that all
the energy being emitted belongs to it whereas the measured target of interest
may have part of its emitted energy being reflected from something else. We
want to factor out the reflected energy by selecting a correct emissivity
setting. The emissivity of most common materials is known, either exactly or
closely as some objects will vary due to age and cleanliness. See more
information about emissivity and a table of values for common materials in
Appendix I.
Detector
Thermopile
A thermopile is a tight cluster of a large number of tiny specialized
thermocouples. They are connected together to form a single measuring point
and the output is the difference between the ambient temperature the head
electronics are in (the cold junction) and the target temperature collected
and determined by the optical system wavelength filter and the thermopile (hot
junction).
The waveband is determined by an additional optical filter chosen by the
manufacturer for the specific application. This is to reduce or eliminate
emitted wavelengths, which might belong to the target or might be unwanted
reflections that are of no interest for the measurement application.
Wahl provides six (6) different spectrums in our thermopile versions. They are
3.43 micron, 3.9 micron, 4.11 to 4.72 micron, 5.0 micron, 7.9 micron and 8 to
14 micron.
Photodiode
Both Silicon and InGaAs photodiode principles are completely different from
thermopile: the collected energy is transformed into electron flow. The result
is a current proportional with the incident energy.
This transformation is very fast, taking only a few µS. The response time of
the measuring system is limited by the electronics; high resolution and low
energy consumption makes it a little bit slower. The waveband is determined by
the physical characteristic of the sensor.
Wahl provides three (3) different spectrums in our photodiode versions, 1.0
micron, 1.6 micron and 2.4 micron.
Lens and Filter
The specifications of the lens decisively determine the optical path of the
infrared pyrometer, characterized by the ratio Distance to Spot size. The
spectral filter selects the wavelength range, which is relevant for the
temperature measurement. The detector and the processing electronics transform
the emitted infrared radiation into electrical signals.
Target Ratio
The actual area being measured is determined by the distance-to-spot ratio of
the model you are using; this varies from model to model. As the distance from
the object being measured increases, the spot size of the area being measured
also increases.
Wahl provides two (2) optics options for the DHS40 model, one (1) for both the
photodiode and one (1) for the thermopile versions.
Maximum Distance and Spot Size
Use the size of the object being measured, together with the optical
resolution of the infrared pyrometer to determine the maximum distance between
the two. The object being measured should completely fill the field of view of
the optics to prevent any potential errors.
Proper Placement of Sensor:
To achieve the best results, the spot size of the infrared pyrometer should be
smaller than the object being measured.
Before using, review the target to ratio tables on the following pages for the
appropriate Optics image for your model to determine the correct distance and
visual field.
DHS40 Optics Diagrams
DHS40 Features
Trigger
The trigger is contoured to fit the index finger. This is a single position
trigger, which turns the instrument on when pulled. The display will show
blank for a fraction of a second before the first reading appears to allow the
microprocessor to complete its initial calculation cycles.
LCD Display ICONS
LCD Display ICONS
Name| Symbol| Note
Emissivity| ɛ = x.xx| See pg. Emissivity section and Appendix I
Transmission| T = x.xx| Setting for 1M and 2M model, thru windows
Glass: 0.92
Quartz: 0.88
Back Light| BLIGHT| ON or OFF
Alarm Low| ALM LO
XXXX| OFF
If ON: 4-digits will be display for setting value
Alarm High| ALM HI
XXXX| OFF
If ON: 4-digits will be display for setting value
C / F| C or F| Switch between °C / °F by use of the switch on the side of the
unit
Hold| H| After trigger is released, all info on LCD will remain for 8 seconds
Battery Status| BAT Symbol|
Control Panel
4-Button: MENU / UP / DOWN / ENTER
When Trigger is Pressed
Far Left Button | Center Left Button | Center Right Button | Far Right Button |
---|---|---|---|
MENU | ↑ | ↓ |
During Measuring (Default)
Far Left Button | Center Left Button | Center Right Button | Far Right Button |
---|---|---|---|
Entering measuring mode | Scrolling MAX/MIN/AVG/DEL in second temperature | ||
display |
During Setting
Press “Menu” Button to enter Setting Mode
Far Left Button | Center Left Button | Center Right Button | Far Right Button |
---|---|---|---|
Emissivity | Increase Value | Decrease Value | Set Emissivity up to 2 digits |
Transmission | Increase Value | Decrease Value | Set Transmission up to 2 digits |
Back Light | Increase Brightness | Decrease Brightness | |
High Alarm | Increase Value | Decrease Value | Set High Alarm up to 4 digits |
Low Alarm | Increase Value | Decrease Value | Set Low Alarm up to 4 digits |
Press “Menu” Button to Save the Setting and proceed to the next setting
When Trigger is Released
Display will be held for 8 seconds
°F / °C Switch
The user can switch between °F and °C at any time. The real time reading will
be changed instantly.
Laser Switch
All DHS40 models (except P3 and F4 models) include laser sighting.
Laser
The laser beam defines the center of the target to be measured by projecting a
spot of high intensity red light on the target surface. Note that the entire
surface area to be measured is larger in diameter than the spot illuminated by
the laser. If desired, look through the enclosed optical sight to determine
the entire diameter of the target.
The laser beam will not affect temperature readings. The beam will appear
brightest in indoor light and dim in outdoor light. The enclosed optical sight
is more effective in outdoor lighting conditions.
To activate laser sighting, turn on the laser power switch located on the left
side of the DHS40 in the area just above the handle. Squeeze the trigger to
activate the laser beam; release the trigger to deactivate.
To save battery life, turn off the laser power switch after use.
Laser Specifications
Power output: 1mW maximum
Wave length: 660 nm
Useful range: 100 feet (indoors)
Caution
DO NOT AIM THE LASER AT THE EYE AS EYE DAMAGE WILL RESULT.
AVOID REFLECTIONS FROM SHINY OBJECTS SUCH AS MIRRORS, BRIGHT METAL AND GLASS.
THE REFLECTED LASER LIGHT IS JUST AS DANGEROUS AS THE DIRECT BEAM.
Optical Sight
The enclosed optical sighting system used in the DHS40 allows precise aiming
at the required target field of view with compensation for parallax. What you
see in the sight is the center of the spot you are measuring. Two circles are
utilized on the optical sighting system, one marked 4 and the other marked 20.
These correspond to exact target alignment at 4 and 20 feet and correct for
parallax offset.
Telescopic Sight
The telescopic sighting system used in the DHS40 allows precise aiming at a
longer distance, or when measuring targets at higher temperatures. A filter in
the lens reduces the glare from high heat, allowing for accurate temperature
measurement of the required target.
Tri-Pod Connection
Standard threaded tri-pod mount is located in the base of the handle for tri-
pod mounting which can be used to hold the DHS40 in one position for real time
temperature reading.
Trigger Lock
At times, particularly for recording or calibrating, it is useful to
mechanically lock the trigger in the pressed position. The DHS40 is designed
to permit insertion of a pin in the housing and trigger to lock it in the “ON”
position. A locking pin is supplied, but any 0.040 inch wire or pin can be
used for this purpose. (Locking Pin PN: 9852)
Power Source
The DHS40 is powered by a standard 9V type alkaline battery (Wahl PN: 12232).
This battery is located in the handle, and is easily replaced. Normally, the
battery supplied has 500 milliamp hours, providing about 140 hours of
continuous duty. The battery is connected to the system with snap on clips
which are polarized. When the battery cover is removed, a spring will push the
battery out for easy access.
Emissivity
Emissivity in infrared (IR) measurement refers to the ability of the surface
being measured to emit radiation. Surfaces vary in emissivity and this must be
taken into account before accurate readings can be obtained. The emissivity
ratio represents the amount of radiated energy that the measured surface
returns to the instrument. A return of 100% of the energy is measured as 1.0
emissivity. If all the radiated energy is reflected and/or transmitted and
none emitted, the emissivity ratio is 0.0. A perfect radiator such as a black
body, has a 1.0 emissivity ratio and a very shiny or highly-polished surface
has a ratio of 0.2 or lower. Most textured or painted surfaces have an
emissivity ratio of around 0.95. DHS40 Series Wahl Heat Spy pyrometer feature
adjustable emissivity from 0.10 to 1.00.
One of three things will happen to the energy as it reaches the sensor:
E – Emitted Energy – Some energy will be absorbed and converted into
heat.
R – Reflected Energy – Some energy will be reflected from the surface of
the material.
T – Transmitted Energy – Some energy will be transmitted completely
through the material.
As one or more of these three things must happen to the energy, the amount of
energy absorbed, reflected and transmitted must add up to 100%. Therefore, the
coefficients of absorption, reflection and transmission (E, R, and T) must
equal 1.
The ideal material in non-contact temperature measurement and, in fact, the source against which instruments are calibrated is the black body. This is defined as a surface which emits the maximum amount of radiation at a given temperature. The name “black body” is misleading because it implies color – the color of the material is not as important as the surface finish. Materials which are good radiators (absorbers) and approximate black body conditions are carbon, asbestos, and rubber. Highly polished metals are poor black bodies and therefore good reflectors.
As long as the emissivity setting on the instrument is properly set with
respect to the material being measured, all measurements with the infrared
pyrometer will be precise.
The emissivity can be determined by one of the following methods, in order of
preference:
- Determine the actual temperature of the material using a sensor such as a RTD, thermocouple or another suitable method. Next, measure the object temperature and adjust the emissivity setting until the correct value is reached. This is the correct emissivity for the measured material.
- For relatively low temperature objects (up to 260°C or 500°F), place a piece of tape, such as a masking tape, on the object. Make sure the tape is large enough to cover the field of view. Next, measure the tape temperature using an emissivity setting of 0.95. Finally, measure an adjacent area on the object and adjust the emissivity setting until the same temperature is reached. This is the correct emissivity for the measured material.
- If a portion of the surface of the object can be coated, use a flat black paint, which will have an emissivity of about 0.98. Next, measure the painted area using an emissivity setting of 0.98. Finally, measure an adjacent area on the object and adjust the emissivity setting until the same temperature is reached. This is the correct emissivity for the measured material.
Typical Emissivity Values
The table in Appendix I provides a brief reference guide to determine
emissivity and can be used when one of the above methods is not practical.
Emissivity values shown in the table are only approximate, since several
parameters may affect the emissivity of an object. These include the following
ones:
- Temperature
- Angle of Measurement
- Geometry (plane, concave, convex, etc.)
- Thickness
- Surface Quality (polished, rough, oxidized, sandblasted)
- Spectral region of measurement
- Transmissivity (e.g., thin film plastics)
To optimize surface temperature measurements, consider the following guidelines
- Determine the object emissivity using the instrument to be used for the measurement.
- Avoid reflections by shielding the object from surrounding high temperature sources.
- For higher temperature objects, use the shortest wavelength instrument for your temperature range.
- For semi-transparent materials such as plastic films and glasses, ensure that the background is uniform and lower in temperature than the object.
- Mount or hold the sensor perpendicular to the surface whenever the emissivity is less than 0.90. In any case, do not exceed angles more than 30 degrees from incidence.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Each DHS40 is factory calibrated and certified against Wahl Standards. A NIST
Certificate of Conformance stating the nominal and actual values and the
deviation error is available separately. The instrument calibration must be
periodically verified.
The DHS40 uses sophisticated analog and digital technology. All maintenance
operations must be carried out by qualified personnel.
For the instrument to function correctly the optic system must be kept clean.
The maintenance department should periodically check the unit and clean the
lens.
Return for Calibration Service
To receive a NIST Traceable Certificate of Conformance or repair service on
your product, go to palmerwahl.com and click on:
Request an RMA (Return Material Authorization Number) and follow the
instructions. You will receive your RMA number via email once your item is
received at our facility. If you prefer, call Customer Service at:
1-800-421-2853 for assistance with the
RMA process. Material being returned to us should be packed well, preferably
in the original shipping container.
Our quality management system is certified to conform to ISO 9001:2015. We
maintain a calibration system in conformance with ANSI/NCSL Z-540 and MIL-STD-
45662A.
All calibrations are performed against standard instruments, traceable to
NIST. Records are stored for a minimum of three years. Standards used have a
test ratio of four times greater than the unit being calibrated. We can
perform certified, traceable calibrations in support of companies that require
meeting FAA and FDA quality standards.
Palmer Wahl Instruments, Inc.
234 Old Weaverville Road
Asheville, NC 28804
Phone: 800-421-2853 •
828-658-3131
FAX: 828-658-0728
Email: info@palmerwahl.com
www.palmerwahl.com
Appendix I: Emissivity of Common Materials
Hints for Choosing and Using
Know Your Target
What is the material? How clear is the optical (IR) path to the target? Are
reflections a concern? What is the expected temperature range you will need to
measure?
Know Your Spot Size
The target must completely fill the sensitive area in order to get accurate
readings.
Have Realistic Expectations
If you need to know the temperature within 1 degree Fahrenheit, you should use
another technology, like a RTD contact probe.
Stabilization
Allow the IR pyrometer to stabilize at the temperature where it will be used
for at least 30 minutes for an accurate reading.
Keep the Lens Clean
Also watch out for dusty or vapor-filled optical paths.
Accuracy Concerns
If accuracy is a concern, use a model with adjustable emissivity. If you’re
just looking for “hot spots” a fixed emissivity model will work well.
Always Remember
You are only measuring surface temperature. If you need the temperature of a
mixture, use an immersion probe and an electronic thermometer.
How it works
All solid objects emit infrared energy above absolute zero. The amount of
energy emitted is proportional to the body temperature. Wahl’s DHS40 directs
this energy by means of fixed focus optics into a sensitive detector, which is
amplified and processed by the computer to temperature readings in °F or °C.
It is fast, because IR energy travels at the speed of light, and the detector
has a very low mass. The time constant is 0.1 second, about 10 times faster
than conventional contact methods. Measurements are displayed in less than one
second.
When to use
Temperature at a distance
You can stand 1 to 40 feet away and conveniently measure temperature of
bearings, kilns, and furnace walls.
You can locate hot spots in reactor shells, steam piping, and insulation
surfaces. Specialty models can be used to up to 300 feet away from your
temperature target.
Temperature of Moving Material
Moving materials require two DHS40 features not available by any other
temperature measuring methods: noncontact with the process material, and fast-
measurement of rapidly moving materials. Measure continuously moving solid
materials like plastic film and extrusions, pulp and paper, textiles, rubber,
steel sheets, coating, or painting.
Temperature of Small, Low Mass Material
Electronic components or other small or low mass items can be measured with a
DHS40, where a contact thermometer would change the measured condition through
heat transfer.
Temperature of Areas too Hot for Personnel
In foundries, forging shops, glass factories and power plants, the DHS40
allows you to stand away from the heat or high voltage to measure the
temperature up to 5500°F (3000°C),.
Temperature of Rough Surfaces
The DHS40 does not require contact with the target. It measures rough and
uneven surfaces and averages temperature readings of the observed target area.
It affords users an efficient method of measuring the temperature of granular
materials, rough castings, and forgings.
Temperature Requiring Quick Measurement
Opening and closing of injection molding dies requires temperature to be
measured in less than 2 seconds. The DHS40 is ideal for use with rotating
machinery, like large motor armatures and drive couplings.
Emissivity Table
Metals
Spectral Range | 1.0 µm | 1.6 µm | 2.3 µm | 5.1 µm | 8-14 µm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | |||||
Non-Oxidized | 0.1-0.2 | 0.02-0.2 | 0.02-0.2 | 0.02-0.2 | 0.02-0.1 |
Oxidized | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.2-0.4 | 0.2-0.4 |
Alloy A 3003 | |||||
Oxidized | — | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Roughened | 0.2-0.8 | 0.2-0.6 | 0.2-0.6 | 0.1-0.4 | 0.1-0.3 |
Polished | 0.1-0.2 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.02-0.1 | 0.02-0.1 |
Brass | |||||
Polished | 0.8-0.95 | 0.01-0.05 | 0.01-0.05 | 0.01-0.05 | 0.01-0.05 |
Burnished | — | — | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Oxidized | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Carbon | |||||
Non-oxidized | 0.8-0.95 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 |
Graphite | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 | 0.7-0.8 |
Chromium | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.05-0.3 | 0.03-0.3 | 0.02-0.2 |
Copper | |||||
Polished | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0-03 |
Roughened | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.05-0.1 |
Oxidized | 0.2-0.8 | 0.2-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 | 0.5-0.8 | 0.4-0.8 |
Gold | 0.3 | 0.01-0.1 | 0.01-0.1 | 0.01-0.1 | 0.01-0.1 |
Haynes Alloy | 0.5-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.3-0.8 |
Inconel | |||||
Oxidized | 0.4-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.7-0.95 |
Sandblasted | 0.3-0.4 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.3-0.6 |
Electropolished | 0.2-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Iron | |||||
Oxidized | 0.4-0.8 | 0.5-0.9 | 0.5-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.5-0.9 |
Non-oxidized | 0.35 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.05-0.25 | 0.05-0.2 |
Rusted | — | 0.6-0.9 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.5-0.8 | 0.5-0.7 |
Molten | 0.35 | 0.4-0.6 | 0.4-0.6 | — | — |
Iron, Cast | |||||
Oxidized | 0.7-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 | 0.65-0.95 | 0.6-0.95 |
Non-oxidized | 0.35 | 0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.25 | 0.2 |
Molten | 0.35 | 0.3-0.4 | 0.3-0.4 | 0.2-0.3 | 0.2-0.3 |
Iron Wrought | |||||
Dull | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.95 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Lead | |||||
Polished | 0.35 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.05-0.1 |
Rough | 0 65 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0-4 |
Oxidized | — | 0.3-0.7 | 0.3-0.7 | 0.2-0.6 | 0.2-0.6 |
Magnesium | 0.3-0.8 | 0.05-0.3 | 0.05-0.3 | 0.03-0.15 | 0.02-0.1 |
Mercury | — | 0.05-0.15 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.05-0.15 |
Molybdenum | |||||
Oxidized | 0.5-0.9 | 0.4-0.9 | 0.4-0.9 | 0.3-0.7 | 0.2-0.6 |
Non-oxidized | 0.25-0.35 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.15 | 0.1 |
Monel (Ni-Cu) | 0.3 | 0.2-0.6 | 0.2-0.6 | 0.1-0.5 | 0.1-0.14 |
Nickel | |||||
Oxidized | 0.8-0.9 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.4-0.7 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.2-0.5 |
Electrolytic | 0.2-0.4 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.15 | 0.05-0.15 |
Spectral Range | 1.0 µm | 1.6 µm | 2.3 µm | 5.1 µm | 8-14 µm |
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Platinum | |||||
Black | — | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Silver | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Steel | |||||
Cold-Rolled | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 |
Ground Sheet | — | — | — | 0.5-0.7 | 0.4-0.6 |
Polished Sheet | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.1 |
Molten | 0.35 | 0.25-0.4 | 0.25-0.4 | 0.1-0.2 | — |
Oxidized | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.8-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 | 0.7-0.9 |
Stainless | 0.35 | 0.2-0.9 | 0.2-0.9 | 0.15-0.8 | 0.1-0.8 |
Tin (Non-oxidized) | 0.25 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Titanium | |||||
Polished | 0.5-0.75 | 0.3-0.5 | 0.3-0.5 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.05-0.2 |
Oxidized | — | 0.6-0.8 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.5-0.7 | 0.5-0.6 |
Tungsten | 0.1-0.6 | 0.1-0.6 | 0.05-0.5 | 0.03 | |
Polished | 0.35-0.4 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.1-0.3 | 0.05-0.25 | 0.03-0.1 |
Zinc | |||||
Oxidized | 0.60 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Polished | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Non-Metals
Spectral Range | 1.0 µm | 1.6 µm | 2.3 µm | 5.1 µm | 8-14 µm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asbestos | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Asphalt | — | — | — | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Basalt | — | — | — | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Carborundum | — | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Ceramic | 0.4 | 0.8-0.95 | 0.8-0.95 | 0.85-0.95 | 0.95 |
Clay | — | 0.8-0.95 | 0.8-0.95 | 0.85-0.95 | 0.95 |
Concrete | 0.65 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Cloth | — | — | — | 0 95 | 0.95 |
Glass | |||||
Plate | — | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.98 | 0.85 |
“Gob” | — | 0.4-0.9 | 0.4-0.9 | 0.9 | |
Gravel | — | — | — | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Gypsum | — | — | — | 0.4-0.97 | 0.8-0.95 |
Ice | — | — | — | — | 0.98 |
Limestone | — | — | — | 0.4-0.98 | 0.98 |
Paint | — | — | — | — | 0.9-0.95 |
Paper (any color) | — | — | — | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Plastic (opaque, >20 mils) | — | — | — | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Rubber | — | — | — | 0.9 | 0.95 |
Sand | — | — | — | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Snow | — | — | — | — | 0.9 |
Soil | — | — | — | — | 0.9-0.98 |
Water | — | — | — | — | 0.93 |
Wood (natural) | — | — | — | 0.9-0.95 | 0.9-0.95 |
References
- Palmer Wahl Temperature and Pressure Product Manufacturing
- Palmer Wahl Temperature and Pressure Product Manufacturing
- Palmer Wahl Temperature and Pressure Product Manufacturing
- Non-Contact Temperature Measurement from Palmer Wahl - Wahl Heat Spy
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