TRINSEO 2024 Global Forming and Fabrication User Guide

TRINSEO 2024 Global Forming and Fabrication

Product Information

Specifications:

• Brand: INDUROTM
• Application: Forming and Fabrication
• Language: English
• Websites: aristechsurfaces.com,trinseo.com

Product Usage Instructions

1. Fabrication and Finishing

2. Routing and Shaping
   Woodworking shapers and routers are recommended for edge finishing and cutting flat thermoformed parts. Table routers are suitable for edging small parts, while portable routers are ideal for larger or awkwardly shaped parts.

3. Drilling
   When drilling INDUROTM Sheet, use modified high-speed steel twist drills with slow spirals and wide polished flutes. Drills should rotate at high speed with slow, steady feed. Ensure the drill runs true to avoid affecting the finish of the hole.

4. Cutting
   Power saws are recommended for cutting INDUROTM Sheet. Circular saws are preferred for straight cuts, while jig saws are suitable for small radii curves and thin materials. Band saws are ideal for large radii curves and thick acrylic cuts.

5. Finishing
   Details on finishing techniques.

6. Sanding
   Details on sanding techniques.

7. Buffing and Polishing
   Details on buffing and polishing techniques.

8. Installation of INDUROTM Parts
   Details on installing INDUROTM parts.

9. Thermoforming

10. Thermoforming Temperatures and Cycles
    Information on recommended temperatures and cycles for thermoforming.

11. Heating Equipment
    Details on suitable heating equipment for thermoforming.

12. Bending
    Instructions on bending techniques.

13. Three-Dimensional Forming
    Guidance on three-dimensional forming methods.

14. Molds
    Information on using molds in thermoforming.

15. Thermoforming with Polyethylene Film
    Instructions on thermoforming with polyethylene film.

FAQ

• Q: What is the best method for cutting INDUROTM Sheet?
  A: Power saws are generally recommended for cutting INDUROTM Sheet. Circular saws are preferred for straight cuts, while jig saws are suitable for small radii curves and thin materials.

• Q: What type of drills should be used for drilling INDUROTM Sheet?
  A: Modified high-speed steel twist drills with slow spirals and wide polished flutes are recommended for drilling INDUROTM Sheet.

INDURO™
Forming and Fabrication Guide

• 2024 Global
• English Connecting ideas with solutions
• aristechsurfaces.com
• trinseo.com

Fabrication and Finishing

Routing and Shaping

• Woodworking shapers and overhead, or portable routers are used in edge finishing operations and for cutting flat thermoformed parts. For edging small parts, the table router is convenient. (see Figure 1.)
  A portable router is useful when the part is too large or awkward to bring to the machine. (See Figure 2.)
  These machines should have a minimum no-load spindle speed of 10,000 rpm. Higher speeds are desirable and should be used if they are available. Two or three flute cutters, smaller than 1.5” (38 mm) in diameter, running at high speeds, produce the smoothest cuts. At slower spindle speeds, the cutter should have more flutes, or may be larger in diameter to produce the necessary surface speeds. The cutter should be kept sharp and should have a back clearance of 10° and a positive rake angle up to 15°.
  Figure 1 – Trimming formed part with table mounted router
  Figure 2 – Edging with a portable router

Drilling

1. High speed steel drills should be selected, having slow spirals and wide polished flutes.
2. Drills should first be ground to a tip angle of 60°to 90°.
3. Modify the standard twist drill by dubbing-off the cutting edge to zero rake angle.
4. Grind the back lip clearance angles to 12° – 15°.

Figure 3 – Alterations to drill bits for drilling INDURO™ Sheet

• INDURO™ sheet may be drilled using any of the conventional tools: portable electric drills, flexible shafts, drill presses or lathes. In general, drills should rotate at high speed and feed should be slow but steady. Use the highest available speed with a drill press, usually 5,000 rpm. An exception to this rule should be made when drilling large holes where the drill speed should be reduced to 1,000 rpm. The drill should always run true since wobble will affect the finish of the hole.
• When drilling holes which penetrate a second surface, it is desirable to back up the surface with wood and slow the feed as the drill point breaks through. For accuracy and safety, the acrylic should be clamped during drilling.

Cutting

• As a general rule, a power saw is the best method of cutting INDURO™ Sheet. It is sometimes advantageous to cut thin material at an elevated temperature with rule and blanking dies. Cold punching and/or shearing should not be used since these methods will fracture the material.
• The type of equipment selected should be based on the work to be done. Circular saws are preferred for straight cutting. Jig saws and saber saws are suggested for cutting small radii curves and thin materials.
• Band saws are suggested for large radii curves and for straight cuts in thick acrylic. Routers and wood working shapers can be used for trimming the edges of formed parts.
• Tempered alloy steel saw blades are the least expensive to buy, give reasonable service, and are discarded when worn out. Carbide tipped blades are more expensive, give longer  service, and can be resharpened. The following table can be used as a guide in selecting the proper circular saw blade:

Thickness of Acrylic Sheet Inches (mm)| Blade thickness Inches (mm)| Teeth per Inch (cm)
---|---|---
.080 – .100| 1/16 – 3/32| 8 – 14
(2.0 – 2.5)| (1.6 – 2.4)| (3 – 8)
.100 – .187| 3/32 – 1/8| 6 – 8
(2.5 – 4.7)| (2.4 – 3.2)| (2 – 3)
.187 – .472| 3/32 – 1/8| 5 – 6
(4.7 – 12.0)| (2.4 – 3.2)| (2 – 3)

Circular saws should:

1. Be run at 8,000-12,000 RPM.
2. Be hollow ground to aid cooling.
3. Be slotted to prevent heat warping the blade.
4. Have teeth with a uniform rake angle of 0° – 10°.
5. Have a slight set to give clearance of .010” to .015” (.254 mm to .381 mm) and
6. Have teeth of uniform height.

An 8” (20.3 cm) diameter blade is used for light work and a 12” (30.5 cm) blade for heavy work. A two-horsepower motor is suggested for driving these blades.

• Masking tape applied over the area to be cut will reduce the tendency to chip during cutting. Acetone, toluene, or methylene chloride can be used to clean blades. Tallow or bar soap applied to the blade, helps to prevent gum build- up on the blade when cutting sheet masked with adhesive backed paper.

• Traveling saws cutting at 10 to 25 feet (3 to 7.6 meters) per minute are recommended for making straight cuts longer than 3 feet (91 cm) and for cutting sheets when it would be undesirable to slide them across the saw table.
  Figure 4 – Typical saw blade for cutting INDURO™ Sheet

• Variable speed band saws, which can run at 5,000 feet (1524 m) per minute and have a 28” to 36” (71 to 91 cm) throat, are best suited for production work. Metal cutting blades are the best type for cutting INDURO™ Sheet. The following table can serve as a guide for selection of a blade:

Min. radius to be cut Inches (mm)| Blade width Inches (mm)| Blade thickness Inches (mm)|

Teeth per Inch (cm)

---|---|---|---
1/2 (12.7)| 3/16 (4.7)| 0.028 (.71)| 7 (3)
3/4 (19)| 1/4 (6.3)| 0.028 (.71)| 7 (3)
1-1/2 (38)| 3/8 (9.5)| 0.028 (.71)| 6 (3)
2-1/4 (57)| 1/2 (12.7)| 0.032 (.81)| 5 (2)
3 (76)| 5/8 (15.9)| 0.032 (.81)| 5 (2)
4-1/2 (114)| 3/4 (19)| 0.032 (.81)| 4 (1.5)
8 (203)| 1 (25.4)| 0.035 (.89)| 4 (1.5)
12 (305)| 1-1/4 (31.7)| 0.035 (.89)| 3 (1.5)
20 (508)| 1-1/2 (38.1)| 0.035 (.89)| 3 (1.5)

• The blade speed should be approximately 4,500 RPM for INDURO™ Sheet thicknesses from .125” to .375” (3.2 to 9.5 mm) thick. Fine teeth with no set will produce a smooth cut if fed slowly. Sheets should be fed continuously and with even pressure to prevent the blade from binding and breaking. The blade should enter and leave the work slowly to prevent chipping. Should a burr form on the cut edge due to overheating, it can be removed with a scraper or other straight edged tool. This is particularly important if the sheet is to be silk screened.

Finishing

• The original high-gloss surface of INDURO™ sheet can usually be restored by a series of finishing operations. Finishing often involves an initial sanding operation, followed by buffing, then finally a polishing operation. During all these operations, heat should be avoided. The power tool should be kept in constant motion, with a minimum of pressure against the finishing wheels. Air cooling devices can be used to reduce frictional heat.

Sanding

• Minor and shallow scratches on a clean INDURO™ Sheet surface can be filled with a paste wax to improve the appearance. Hard automobile paste wax should be used, applied in a light even film with a soft cloth. The surface should then be polished to a high gloss with a clean, dry, cotton flannel cloth. Hard or rough textured cloth such as cheesecloth and muslin should not be used. Deeper, yet light, scratches may be removed or reduced by hand polishing, using a soft cloth and a rubbing compound (see source list). Do not “sand” acrylic unless surface blemishes are too deep to remove by light buffing. When it is necessary, usually 320-A wet-or-dry paper is as coarse as will be required and may be followed by a 400-A or finer paper. Soak the sandpaper in water for a few minutes before using and use plenty of water while sanding. Sanding of large areas should not be attempted unless power buffing equipment is available. Final sanding should be in one direction only to prevent distortions and/or “bullseyes.”
• Machine sanding can be done with belt, disc, vibratory or drum sanders. Large optical grade jobs require expensive, precision grinding equipment. In all cases, when sanding acrylics, keep the tool, or the work, moving and use water freely.
  Figure 5 – Final sanding (use back and forth motion and liberal amounts of water)

Buffing and Polishing

• An abrasive wheel may be used first, which consists of wheel buffs made of stitched cotton or flannel, and an abrasive compound of very fine alumina or similar abrasive combined with tallow wax binders. The abrasive wheel should run at about 1,800 surface feet (548 m) per minute.
• After reducing most of the scratches on the abrasive wheel, a wheel buff to which only tallow has been applied may be used to remove any remaining imperfections. Speed of the buff should be between 1,800 and 2,200 surface feet (548 and 671 m) per minute.
• Next, the acrylic part is given a high polish on a finish wheel on which no abrasive or tallow is used. As an alternate method, a coat of wax can be applied by hand.
• Figure 6 – Buffing INDURO™ Sheet on power driven buffer
• The finish wheel should be very loose and made of imitation chamois or flannel 10” to 12” (25.4 to 30.5 cm) in diameter, running at a speed of 2,000 to 2,400 surface feet (610 to 732 m) per minute.
• This is the recommended procedure for finishing edges.

Installation of INDURO™ Parts

• Once a part is formed or fabricated, it needs to be installed. That is commonly done with adhesive systems, fasteners, or a combination of both.

• Thermoformed INDURO™ parts are typically fastened a frame or other substrate. These substrates such as an aluminium frame, do not generally have the same coefficient of expansion and contraction as INDURO™. Caution must be taken to allow independent movement to prevent any cracking, deformation, and substrate separation.
  The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of INDURO™ Composite sheets is 4.4 x 10-5 in/in/˚F or 7.9 x 10-5 cm/cm/˚C.

• During internal thermal cycle testing on large thermoformed InDURO parts we found that predrilling a 13/32” hole (along with rubber grommets) was required to compensate for thermal movement.

• While each individual application should be evaluated and approved by the OEM, we have found that the below specifications resulted in no expansion and contraction issues during thermal cycle testing.

  • 13/32” Predrilled hole using counter sink bit
  • 3/16” x 3/8” x 3/16” x 1/4” rubber Grommet
  • Silicone can be used to seal holes
  • 1 1/8” self-tapping flat head screw
• • A rubber grommet is not always needed if the installer is careful to exactly center the screw in the hole. The grommet takes some of the uncertainty out of the installation and ensures that the screw does not over time shift to contact the sides of the hole, thus constricting expansion. The screws could be centered initially but vibration in use could cause the mounted part to shift slightly.

• Accommodation for thermal expansion and contraction is essential no matter what fastening system is chosen. Whether it is a mechanical in nature as the above examples or an adhesive system. Our technical service professionals are available to lend guidance.

Thermoforming

• Good formability is one of the most important and useful properties. When INDURO™ Sheet has been properly heated, it feels like a sheet of soft rubber. In this state the material can be formed to almost any desired shape. On cooling, the acrylic becomes rigid and retains the shape to which it has been formed. Forming thermoplastic sheet is probably the simplest type of plastic fabrication.
• The cost of molds and equipment is relatively low. Both two and three dimensional forming of INDURO™ Sheet can be accomplished by a number of different methods. The selection will depend on the shape, thickness, tolerance, and optical quality required for the formed part as well as the equipment available and number of parts to be made.
• It is imperative that all the above Trinseo products be heated properly for thermoforming. Using temperatures that are too low on these products will leave stresses in the formed part that could possibly be relieved by solvents in reinforcing resin, paint and decorating materials causing cracks or crazing. Too high forming temperatures can cause sheet blistering.
• Continuous cast acrylic sheet is used in a wide range of thermoforming applications.
• Following is the narrative of a large scale spa being produced:
• An acrylic “shell” is thermoformed. Sheet is expensive so the producer starts with a sheet that is as thin as possible while insuring good finished parts. The acrylic only forms the interior and deck “skin” of the vessel. It provides no structural support.
• Fittings are installed.

Thermoforming Temperatures and Cycles

• The following curves (Figures 7 & 8) were derived from tests performed with the experts by Trinseo. Due to the large variety of heating equipment available, heating times may vary. The following heating cycles should be used as a starting point only in obtaining optimum forming temperature times and cycles. The temperature and cycle times depend upon the thickness of sheet as well as the type of heating and forming equipment used.

• Using equipment with a double-oven (top and bottom heat) allows for the best results regarding heating cycle times. This also provides for a bit more forgiveness in the thermoforming cycles. Target temperatures of 370 to 390 °F (188 to 199 °C) for the top surface are good, with a target of 340 to 360 °F (171 to 182 °C for the bottom surface. Heating cycle times of approximately 2 minutes are possible with this set-up. Again, should your equipment require more time you would target the lower range and the higher range if your equipment allows for faster heat up. If the equipment allows for processing at shorter heating cycles, then there is more leeway for higher processing temperatures.

• Figure 8 outlines the heating cycles when using electric infra-red radiant heaters on one or two sides. Again, heating times can vary depending on the type of heating equipment used, percentage times, distance between sheet and heaters, and heat loss factors.
  Figure 7 – Forced air circulating oven at 350˚F (177 ˚C)

• Figure 8 – Electric infra-red radiant heating

• Several other methods can be used to determine if a sheet has been sufficiently heated. The most common is the ripple method by which the operator shakes the heated sheet with a non-combustible object (See note). When the sheet ripples uniformly across the surface, it is ready for forming. Another commonly used technique is the “sag method”. By trial and error, the amount of sag in a hot sheet can be correlated with the optimum time to be thermoformed. The best procedure for determining when the sheet is ready for forming is to accurately control the temperature using heat sensors and/or temperature indicating stickers. The actual cycle, temperature settings and techniques most suitable for a particular forming job are best determined on one’s own equipment.

• Note: Care must be taken to make sure the operator does not endanger him/herself due to exposure to electricity, hot oven components, or hot sheet.

Heating Equipment
Forced air circulating ovens

• Forced air circulating ovens generally provide uniform heating at a constant temperature with the least danger of overheating the acrylic sheet.
• Electric fans should be used to circulate the hot air across the sheeting at velocities of approximately 150 ft./minute (46 m/minute). Suitable baffles should be used to distribute the heat evenly throughout the oven.
• Heating may be done with gas or electricity. Gas ovens require heat exchangers to prevent the accumulation of soot from the flue gas. Electric ovens can be heated with a series of 1000-watt strip heating elements. An oven with a capacity of 360 ft3 (10 m3), for example, will require approximately 25,000 watts of input.
• About one-half of this input is required to overcome heating losses through the insulation, leaks and door usage. An oven insulation at least two inches thick is suggested. Oven doors should be narrow to minimize heat loss, but at least one door should be large enough to permit reheating of formed parts which may require reforming. The oven should have automatic controls so that any desired temperature in the range of 250 to 450 °F (121 to 232 °C) can be closely maintained.
• In addition, temperature recording devices are desirable, but not essential. Uniform heating is best provided when the sheet is hung vertically. This can be accomplished by hanging the sheets of acrylic on overhead racks designed to roll along a monorail mounted in the oven roof or in a portable unit. Precautions should be taken so that the sheet cannot fold or come in contact with another. A series of spring clips or a spring channel can be used for securely grasping the sheet along its entire length.

Infra-red heating

• Infra-red radiation can heat INDURO™ Sheet three to ten times faster than forced-air heating. This type of heating is often used with automatic forming machines where a minimum cycle time is important. Temperature control, however, is much more critical and uniform heating is more difficult to obtain by this method. Acrylic plastic absorbs most of the infra-red energy on the exposed surface, which can rapidly attain temperatures of over 360 °F (182 °C). The center of the sheet is heated by a slower conduction of heat from the hot surface. This usually causes temperature gradients across the thickness. The gradient is more severe with infra-red heating from one side only. (See Figure 9). Infra-red radiant heat is usually supplied with reflector backed tubular metal elements, resistance wire coils or a bank of infra-red lamps.
• More uniform heat distribution can sometimes be accomplished by mounting a fine wire-mesh screen between the sheet and the heat source. A Temperature Controlled technology, such as a solid state PLC or percentage timer on older apparatus should always be used for consistent results. Top infra-red heaters should be approximately 12” (30 cm) from the sheet. Bottom heaters can be 18 to 20” (45 to 50 cm) away.

Types of infra-red heating

• A. Gas: Can be open flame (less common) or gas catalytic. Economical to run but poor control of the heat, impossible to control the heat profile.
• B. Calrod: Electrical resistance elements such as the type used in domestic ovens. It is a nichrome wire surrounded by a silicon or mica insulator.
• C. Nichrome Wire: An exposed nichrome wire without insulation usually set into channels in a ceramic or other insulative panel.
• D. Ceramic Heating Elements: A nichrome wire embedded in an insulator and then sheathed in a ceramic tube.
• E. Infrared Panel Heaters: Tungsten wire elements mounted in channels within an insulator panel.
• F. Quartz Heating Element: The most common type of heating. You can better control the heat profile either by screening off sections or if the system has it, automated control of each heating zone. They use a tungsten wire element encased in a quartz tube.
• G. Halogen: Like the quartz heating element, this heat source is a tungsten wire encased in a quartz tube but the tube is sealed and filled with an inert halogen gas preventing oxidation of the element. This allows the element to go to much higher temperatures without burning out. The very best control of heat profile and heat flow. They are not as common because these systems are comparatively more expensive.

Bending

Strip heating is sometimes used for specialized forming jobs. For example, a strip heater can be used to make simple bends in INDURO™ Sheet. Strip heaters can be purchased from plastics suppliers or can be constructed from “Nichrome” heating elements encased in ceramic or “Pyrex” tubing. To prevent distortion or damage to the sheet surface, the INDURO™ Sheet should be kept at least 1/2” (13 mm) away from the hot tube. See Figure 10 for typical strip heater arrangement.

• Figure 9 – Bending

Three-Dimensional Forming

Techniques for three-dimensional forming of plastic generally require vacuum, air pressure, mechanical assists or combinations of all three to manipulate the heated sheet into the desired shape. The basic forming techniques used for INDURO™ Sheet are illustrated in the following drawings and described below.

Vacuum/snap-back forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamp frame.
• B. Position vacuum chamber to heated sheet to form seal. Apply vacuum to form bubble to predetermined height.
• C. Insert mold into heated/pre-stretched sheet to form seal. Air control relieves vacuum in preform vacuum chamber. Apply vacuum to mold to form part.

Vacuum forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamp frame.
• B. Mold is mechanically positioned to heated sheet, forming a seal. Vacuum is then applied to form part.

Drape vacuum forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamp frame.
• B. The mold is forced into the sheet to a depth that forms a seal around the periphery. Vacuum is then applied to form the part.

Pressure bubble/snap-back forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamping frame.
• B. Position pressure chamber into heated sheet to form seal. Apply pressure to pre-stretched sheet to controlled height.
• C. Insert mold into pre-stretched bubble at a controlled rate. Insert to depth required to form a seal.

Pressure bubble/snap-back forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamping frame.
• B. Position mold into heated sheet to form seal. Insert heated plug at controlled rate to the depth required for preforming.
• C. Apply vacuum to form part.

Pressure bubble/plug assist/vacuum forming

• A. Heated sheet in clamping frame.
• B. Position mold into heated sheet to form pressure seal. Apply pressure to pre-stretched sheet to controlled height.
• C. Insert heated plug into bubble at a controlled rate to the depth required for preforming.
• D. Apply vacuum to form part

Molds

Wood — Wooden molds are easily fabricated, inexpensive and can be altered readily. Wood molds are ideal for short production runs where mold mark-off is not important and for prototyping.

• Epoxy — Epoxy molds yield the least amount of mold mark-off of any of the mold materials used. Epoxy molds can be used for medium production runs and have good durability provided they are properly fabricated.
• Aluminum — Aluminum molds are used in high production operations. Aluminum molds will last indefinitely with little maintenance required.

Thermoforming troubleshooting guide

• Reduce time heaters or reduce voltage
• Move heater farther away
• Use screening if localized

Poor definition of detail. Incomplete forming|

• Sheet too cold
• Low vacuum
• Sheet too thick
• Low air pressure

|

• Increase heat input to sheet
• Check for leaks in vacuum system
• Increase number and/or size of vacuum holes
• Add vacuum capacity
• Use thinner caliper sheet
• Increase volume and/or pressure

Excessive thinning at bottom of draw or corners|

• Poor technique
• Sheet too thin
• Drawdown too fast

|

• Change forming cycle to include billowing or plug assist
• Use screening to control temperature profile
• Use thicker sheet
• Decrease rate of drawdown

Extreme wall thickness variations|

• Uneven sheet heating
• Mold too cold
• Sheet slipping
• Stray air currents

|

• Check temperature profile
• Change heaters to provide higher uniform mold surface temp
• Check cooling system for scale or plugs
• Adjust clamping frame to provide uniform pressures
• Provide protection to eliminate drafts

Excessive sag| •             Sheet too hot| • Reduce time or temperature
Problem| Probable Cause| Corrective Action
---|---|---
Pits or pimples|

• Vacuum holes too large
• Vacuum rate too high
• Dirt on mold or sheet

|

• se smaller holes
• Decrease vacuum rate or level
• Clean mold and/or sheet

Part sticking to mold|

• Rough mold surface
• Undercuts too deep
• Not enough draft

|

• Polish mold
• Reduce undercuts
• Change to split mold
• Increase draft of mold

Mark- off|

• Dirt on sheet
• Dirt on mold
• Dirt in atmosphere
• Sheet too hot

|

• Clean sheet
• Clean mold
• Clean vacuum forming area
• Isolate area if necessary and supply filtered air
• Reduce heat and heat more slowly

Distortion in finished part|

• Part removed too hot
• Uneven heating

|

• Increase cooling time before removing part
• Check cooling system
• Check temperature profile
• Correct mold design — stiffen to eliminate.

Thermoforming with Polyethylene Film

• Temporary polyethylene film barrier

• Polyethylene film (polyfilm) is used as a temporary protective film on the top surface of the INDURO™ continuous cast sheet. Some processors may choose to leave the polyfilm on the acrylic surface during thermoforming. Trinseo does not recommend or oppose the use of this procedure; however some manufacturers use this procedure very successfully. Leaving the film on during thermoforming can cause problems if not done properly. For example, if the acrylic surface is overheated, the film may bond so tight that it is virtually impossible to remove it. Also, film left on a finished part will gradually bond tighter and tighter as time goes by. Film left on for more than one (1) year probably cannot be removed.

• It is recommended that if the sheets have been sitting unwrapped or exposed for an extended period of time, to remove the polyfilm masking prior to forming. Since the protective film can absorb moisture, it could possibly transmit the moisture to the sheet when heating and cause blisters in the finished part.

• Damage to the film may make it desirable to remove the film prior to thermoforming. Rough handling may scratch, tear or partially remove the film. Forming with the film damaged may leave unwanted marks on the acrylic surface. Once the film is removed from the sheet, it cannot be laid back on the surface. Air or other contaminates can become trapped under the film and cause Markoff on the finished product.

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  The principles of Responsible Care® and sustainability influence the production of printed literature for Trinseo PLC and its affiliated companies. As a contribution toward the protection of our environment, Trinseo’s printed literature is produced in small quantities and on paper containing recovered /post-consumer fiber and using 100 percent soy-based ink whenever possible.

• Product Stewardship

• Trinseo and its affiliated companies have a fundamental concern for all who make, distribute, and use their products and for the environment in which we live. This concern is the basis for our Product

• Stewardship philosophy by which we assess the safety, health, and environmental information on our products so that appropriate steps may be taken to protect employee and public health and our environment. The success of our product stewardship program rests with each and every individual involved with Trinseo products – from the initial concept and research, to manufacture, use, sale, disposal, and recycle of each product.

• Customer Notice

• Customers are responsible for reviewing their manufacturing processes and their applications of Trinseo products from the standpoint of human health and environmental quality to ensure that Trinseo products are not used in ways for which they are not suitable. Trinseo personnel are available to answer questions and to provide reasonable technical support. Trinseo product literature, including safety data sheets, should be consulted prior to the use of Trinseo products. Current safety data sheets are available from Trinseo.

• No freedom from infringement of any patent owned by Trinseo or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, the customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for the customer’s use and for ensuring that the customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable legal requirements. Although the information herein is provided in good faith and was believed to be accurate when prepared, Trinseo assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document.

• NOTICE REGARDING MEDICAL APPLICATION RESTRICTIONS

• TRINSEO REQUESTS THAT CUSTOMERS REFER TO TRINSEO’S MEDICAL APPLICATION POLICY HTTP://WWW.TRINSEO.COM/MEDICAL.HTM BEFORE CONSIDERING THE USE OF TRINSEO PRODUCTS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. THE RESTRICTIONS AND DISCLAIMERS SET FORTH IN THAT POLICY ARE INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE.

• For more information on products, innovations, expertise, and other services available from Trinseo, visit www.trinseo.com, or in the U.S. contact us at +1-855-TRINSEO (+1-855-874-6736).

• DISCLAIMER

• TRINSEO MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS DOCUMENT; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (INCLUDING MEDICAL APPLICATIONS) ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED. SINCE THE CONDITIONS AND METHODS OF USE OF THE INFORMATION AND PRODUCTS REFERRED TO ARE BEYOND TRINSEO’S KNOWLEDGE AND CONTROL, TRINSEO DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY FOR LOSSES OR DAMAGES THAT MAY RESULT FROM RELIANCE ON THE  INFORMATION OR USE OF THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN. TRINSEO MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, THAT THE USE OF ANY TRINSEO PRODUCT WILL BE FREE FROM ANY INFRINGEMENT CLAIMS.

• GENERAL NOTICE

• Any photographs of end-use applications in this document represent potential end-use applications but do not necessarily represent current commercial applications, nor do they represent an endorsement by Trinseo of the actual products. Further, these photographs are for illustration purposes only and do not reflect either an endorsement or sponsorship of any other manufacturer for a specific potential end-use product or application, or for Trinseo, or for specific products manufactured by Trinseo.If products are described as “experimental” or “developmental”: (1) product specifications may not be fully determined; (2) analysis of hazards and caution in handling and use are required; (3) there is greater potential for Trinseo to change specifications and/or discontinue production, and (4) although Trinseo may from time to time provide samples of such products, Trinseo is not obligated to supply or otherwise commercialize such products for any use or application whatsoever.

• For additional information not covered by the content of this document or to ensure you have the latest version of this document available, please refer to our website at www.trinseo.com/Contact-Us.

• Questions pertaining to any procedure detailed herein should be addressed to the AVONITE™ Technical Services Department.

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References

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