apogee SQ-500 Full-spectrum Quantum Sensor User Manual
- June 3, 2024
- APOGEE
Table of Contents
OWNER’S MANUAL
QUANTUM SENSOR
Models SQ-512 and SQ-515
(including SS models)
APOGEE INSTRUMENTS, INC. | 721 WEST 1800 NORTH, LOGAN, UTAH 84321, USA
TEL: 435-792-4700 | FAX: 435-787-8268
Copyright © 2020 Apogee Instruments, Inc
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
EU Declaration of Conformity
This declaration of conformity is issued under the sole responsibility of the
manufacturer:
Apogee Instruments, Inc.
721 W 1800 N
Logan, Utah 84321
USA
for the following product(s):
Models: SQ-512, SQ-515
Type: Quantum Sensor
The object of the declaration described above is in conformity with the relevant Union harmonization legislation:
2014/30/EU Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive
2011/65/EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS 2)
Directive
2015/863/EU Amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS 3)
Standards referenced during compliance assessment:
EN 61326-1:2013 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory
use – EMC requirements
EN 50581:2012 Technical documentation for the assessment of electrical and
electronic products with respect to the restriction of hazardous substances
Please be advised that based on the information available to us from our raw material suppliers, the products manufactured by us do not contain, as intentional additives, any of the restricted materials including lead (see note below), mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyls (PBDE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). However, please note that articles containing greater than 0.1% lead concentration are RoHS 3 compliant using exemption 6c.
Further note that Apogee Instruments does not specifically run any analysis on our raw materials or end products for the presence of these substances, but rely on the information provided to us by our material suppliers.
Signed for and on behalf of:
Apogee Instruments, May 2020
Bruce Bugbee
President
Apogee Instruments, Inc.
INTRODUCTION
Radiation that drives photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) and is typically defined as
total radiation across a range of 400 to 700 nm. PAR is almost universally
quantified as photosynthetic photon flux
density (PPFD), the sum of photons from 400 to 700 nm in units of micromoles
per square meter per second (µmolm-2s-1, equal to micro Einsteins m-2s-1).
While microEinsteins and micromoles are equal (one Einstein = one mole of
photons), the Einstein is not an SI unit, so expressing PPFD as µmol m-2s-1 is
preferred. Daily total PPFD is typically reported in units of moles of photons
per square meter per day (mol m-2 d -1) and is often called daily light
integral (DLI).
The acronym PPF is also used and refers to the photosynthetic photon flux. The acronyms PPF and PPFD refer to the same variable. Both terms are used because there is not a universal definition of the term flux. Flux is sometimes defined as per unit area per unit time and sometimes defined as per unit time only. PPFD is used in this manual.
Sensors that measure PPFD are often called quantum sensors due to the quantized nature of radiation. A quantum refers to the minimum quantity of radiation, one photon, involved in physical interactions (e.g., absorption by photosynthetic pigments). In other words, one photon is a single quantum of radiation.
Typical applications of quantum sensors include measurement of incident PPFD on plant canopies in outdoor environments or in greenhouses and growth chambers, and reflected or under-canopy (transmitted) PPFD measurement in the same environments.
Apogee Instruments SQ series quantum sensors consist of a cast acrylic
diffuser (filter), photodiode, and signal processing circuitry mounted in an
anodized aluminum housing, and a cable to connect the sensor to a measurement
device. SQ-500 series quantum sensors are designed for continuous PPFD
measurement in indoor or
outdoor environments.
SENSOR MODELS
This manual covers the amplified voltage output quantum sensors, models SQ-512 and SQ-515 (listed in bold below). Additional models are covered in their respective manuals.
Model
|
Signal
---|---
SQ-512|
0-2.5 V
SQ-515|
0-5 V
SQ-500|
0-40 mV
SQ-520|
USB
SQ-521|
SDI-12
SQ-522|
Modbus
Sensor model number and serial number are located near the pigtail leads on the sensor cable. If you need the manufacturing date of your sensor, please contact Apogee Instruments with the serial number of your sensor.
SPECIFICATIONS
| SQ-512| SQ-515
---|---|---
Power Supply| 3.3 to 24 V DC| 5.5 to 24 V DC
Current Draw| 12 V is 57 µA
Sensitivity| 0.625 mV per µmol m-2 s -1| 1.25 mV per µmol m-2 s -1
Calibration Factor (Reciprocal of Sensitivity)| 1.6 µmol m-2 s -1 per mV| 0.8
µmol m-2 s -1 per mV
Calibration Uncertainty| ± 5 % (see calibration Traceability below)
Measurement Range| 0 to 4000 µmol m-2 s -1
Measurement Repeatability| Less than 1 % (up to 4000 µmol m-2 s -1 )
Calibrated Output Range| 0 to 2.5 V| 0 to 5 V
Long-term Drift (Non-stability)| Less than 2 % per year
Non-linearity| Less than 1 % (up to 4000 µmol m-2 s -1 )
Response Time| Less than 1 ms
Field of View| 180°
Spectral Range| 389 to 692 nm ± 5 nm (wavelengths where response is greater
than 50 %)
Spectral Selectivity| Less than 10 % from 412 to 682 ± 5 nm (see Spectral
Response below)
Directional (Cosine) Response| ± 2 % at 45º zenith angle, ± 5 % at 75º zenith
angle (see Directional Response below)
Azimuth Error| Less than 0.5 %
Tilt Error| Less than 0.5 %
Temperature Response| -0.11 ± 0.04 % per C (see Temperature Response below)
Uncertainty in Daily Total| Less than 5 %
Detector| Blue-enhanced silicon photodiode
Housing| Anodized aluminum body with acrylic diffuser
IP Rating| IP68
Operating Environment| -40 to 70 C; 0 to 100 % relative humidity; can be
submerged in water up to depths of 30 m
Dimensions| 24 mm diameter, 37 mm height
Mass (with 5 m of cable)| 100 g
Cable| 5 m of shielded, twisted-pair wire; TPR jacket (high water resistance,
high UV stability, flexibility in cold conditions); pigtail lead wires;
stainless steel (316), M8 connector
Calibration Traceability
Apogee Instruments SQ-500 series quantum sensors are calibrated through side- by-side comparison to the mean of four transfer standard quantum sensors under a reference lamp. The reference quantum sensors are recalibrated with a quartz halogen lamp traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Spectral Response
Mean spectral response measurements of six replicate Apogee SQ-100 (original)
and SQ-500 (full-spectrum) series quantum sensors. Spectral response
measurements were made at 10 nm increments across a wavelength range of 300 to
800 nm with a monochromator and an attached electric light source. Measured
spectral data from each quantum sensor were normalized by the measured
spectral response of the
monochromator/electric light combination, which was measured with a spectro
radiometer.
Temperature Response
Mean temperature response of ten SQ500 series quantum sensors (errors bars
represent two standard deviations above and below mean). Temperature response
measurements were made at 10 C intervals across a temperature range of
approximately -10 to 40 C in a temperature controlled chamber under a fixed,
broad spectrum, electric lamp. At each temperature set point, a
spectroradiometer was used to measure light intensity from the lamp and all
quantum sensors were compared to the spectroradiometer. The spectroradiometer
was mounted external to the temperature control chamber and remained at room
temperature during the experiment.
Cosine Response
Directional (cosine) response is defined as the measurement error at a specific angle of radiation incidence. Error for Apogee SQ-500 series quantum sensors is approximately ± 2 % and ± 5 % at solar zenith angles of 45° and 75°, respectively.
Mean directional (cosine) response of seven apogee SQ-500 series quantum
sensors. Directional response measurements were made on the rooftop of the
Apogee
building in Logan, Utah. Directional response was calculated as the relative
difference of SQ-500 quantum sensors from the mean of replicate reference
quantum sensors
(LI-COR models LI-190 and LI-190R, Kipp & Zonen model PQS 1). Data were also
collected in the laboratory using a reference lamp and positioning the sensor
at varying
angles.
DEPLOYMENT AND INSTALLATION
Mount the sensor to a solid surface with the nylon mounting screw provided. To accurately measure PPFD incident on a horizontal surface, the sensor must be level. An Apogee Instruments model AL-100 leveling plate is recommended for this purpose. To facilitate mounting on a cross arm, an Apogee Instruments model AM-110 mounting bracket is recommended.
Important: Only use the nylon screw provided when mounting to insulate the non-anodized threads of the aluminum sensor head from the base to help prevent galvanic corrosion. For extended submersion applications, more insulation may be necessary. Contact Apogee tech support for details.
To minimize azimuth error, the sensor should be mounted with the cable pointing toward true north in the northern hemisphere or true south in the southern hemisphere. Azimuth error is typically less than 0.5 %, but it is easy to minimize by proper cable orientation.
In addition to orienting the cable to point toward the nearest pole, the
sensor should also be mounted such that obstructions (e.g., weather station
tripod/tower or other instrumentation) do not shade the sensor. Once
mounted, the green cap should be removed from the sensor. The green cap can
be used as a protective covering
for the sensor when it is not in use.
CABLE CONNECTORS
Apogee started offering in-line cable connectors on some bare-lead wire sensors in March 2018 to simplify the process of removing sensors from installations for recalibration (the entire cable does not have to be removed from the station and shipped with the sensor).
The ruggedized M8 connectors are rated IP68, made of corrosion-resistant marine-grade stainless-steel, and designed for extended use in harsh environmental conditions.
Inline cable connectors are installed 30 cm from the sensor head.
Instructions
Pins and Wiring Colors: All Apogee connectors have six pins, but not all
pins are used for every sensor. There may also be unused wire colors inside
the cable. To simplify connection to a measurement device, the unused pigtail
lead wire colors are removed.
If a replacement cable is required, please contact Apogee directly to ensure
ordering the proper pigtail configuration.
A reference notch inside the connector ensures proper alignment before tightening.
Alignment: When reconnecting a sensor, arrows on the connector jacket and an aligning notch ensure proper orientation.
Disconnection for extended periods: When disconnecting the sensor for an extended period of time from an installation, protect the remaining half of the connector still on the station from water and dirt with electrical tape or other method.
When sending sensors back for recalibration, only send the section of cable that is hard-wired to the sensor. The section of cable with the pigtail is not required.
Tightening: Connectors are designed to be firmly finger-tightened only.
There is an O-ring inside the connector that can be overly compressed if a
wrench is used. Pay attention to thread alignment to avoid cross-threading.
When fully tightened,
one to two threads may still be visible.
Finger-tighten firmly.
WARNING: Do not tighten the connector by twisting the black cable, only twist the metal connector.
OPERATION AND MEASUREMENT
Connect the sensor to a measurement device (meter, datalogger, controller)
capable of measuring and displaying or recording a millivolt signal (an input
measurement range of approximately 0-2.5 V (SQ-512) or 0-5 V (SQ-515) is
required to cover the entire range of PPFD from the sun). In order to maximize
the measurement resolution and
signal-to-noise ratio, the signal input range of the measurement device should
closely match the output range of the quantum sensors. The amplification
circuit requires a power supply of 5.5 to 24 V DC. NOTE: To prevent sensor
damage, DO NOT connect the sensor to a power source greater than 24 VDC.
VERY IMPORTANT: Apogee changed all wiring colors of our bare-lead sensors in March 2018 in conjunction with the release of inline cable connectors on some sensors. To ensure proper connection to your data device, please note your serial number or if your sensor has a stainless-steel connector 30 cm from the sensor head then use the appropriate wiring configuration below. Wiring for SQ-512 & SQ-515 Serial Numbers 1690 and above or with a cable connector
Wiring for SQ-512 & SQ-515 Serial Numbers 1690 and above or with a cable connector
Wiring for SQ-512 & SQ-515 Serial Numbers within Range 0-1689
Sensor Calibration
Apogee amplified full-spectrum quantum sensors, models SQ-212 and SQ-215, have a standard PPFD calibration factor of exactly:
SQ-512: 1.6 µmol m-2s -1 per mV
SQ-515: 0.8 µmol m-2s -1 per mV
Multiply this calibration factor by the measured voltage to convert sensor output to PPFD in units of µmol m-2s-1: *Calibration Factor (0.8 µmol m-2s -1 per mV) Sensor Output Signal (mV) = PPFD (µmol m-2s-1)**
*0.8 2500 = 2000**
Example of PPFD measurement with an Apogee quantum sensor. Full sunlight
yields a PPFD on a horizontal plane at the Earth’s surface of approximately
2000 µmol m-2
s-1 . This yields an output signal of 2500 mV for the 0-5 V option or an
output signal of 1250 mV for the 0-2.5 V option. The signal is converted to
PPFD by multiplying by the calibration factor. Full Sunlight(2000 µmol m-2s-1)
SQ-512 Sensor Output: 1250 mV
Conversion Factor: 1.6 µmol m-2s -1 per mV
SQ-515 Sensor Output: 2500 mV
Conversion Factor: 0.8 µmol m-2s -1 per mV
Spectral Error
The combination of diffuser transmittance, interference filter transmittance, and photodetector sensitivity yields spectral response of a quantum sensor. A perfect photodetector/filter/diffuser combination would exactly match the defined plant photosynthetic response to photons (equal weighting to all photons between 400 and 700 nm, no weighting of photons outside this range), but this is challenging in practice. Mismatch between the defined plant photosynthetic response and sensor spectral response results in spectral error when the sensor is used to measure radiation from sources with a different spectrum than the radiation source used to calibrate the sensor (Federer and Tanner, 1966; Ross and Sulev, 2000).
Spectral errors for PPFD measurements made under common radiation sources for
growing plants were calculated for Apogee SQ-100 and SQ-500 series quantum
sensors using the method of Federer and Tanner (1966). This method requires
PPFD weighting factors (defined plant photosynthetic response), measured
sensor spectral
response (shown in Spectral Response section on page 7), and radiation source
spectral outputs (measured with a spectroradiometer). Note, this method
calculates spectral error only and does not consider calibration, directional
(cosine), temperature, and stability/drift errors. Spectral error data (listed
in table below) indicate errors less than 5 % for sunlight in different
conditions (clear, cloudy, reflected from plant canopies, transmitted below
plant canopies) and common broad spectrum electric lamps (cool white
fluorescent, metal halide, high pressure sodium), but larger errors for
different mixtures of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for the SQ-100 series
sensors.
Spectral errors for the SQ-500 series sensors are smaller than those for
SQ-100 series sensors because the spectral response of SQ-500 series sensors
is a closer match to the defined plant photosynthetic response.
Quantum sensors are the most common instrument for measuring PPFD, because they are about an order of magnitude lower cost the spectroradiometers, but spectral errors must be considered. The spectral errors in the table below can be used as correction factors for individual radiation sources.
Spectral Errors for PPFD Measurements with Apogee SQ-100 and SQ-500 Series Quantum Sensors
Radiation Source (Error Calculated Relative to Sun, Clear Sky)| SQ-100
Series PPFD Error [%]| SQ-500 Series PPFD Error [%]
---|---|---
Sun (Clear Sky)| 0.0| 0.0
Sun (Cloudy Sky)| 0.2| 0.1
Reflected from Grass Canopy| 3.8| -0.3
Transmitted below Wheat Canopy| 4.5| 0.1
Cool White Fluorescent (T5)| 0.0| 0.1
Metal Halide| -2.8| 0.9
Ceramic Metal Halide| -16.1| 0.3
High Pressure Sodium| 0.2| 0.1
Blue LED (448 nm peak, 20 nm full-width half-maximum)| -10.5| -0.7
Green LED (524 nm peak, 30 nm full-width half-maximum)| 8.8| 3.2
Red LED (635 nm peak, 20 nm full-width half-maximum)| 2.6| 0.8
Red LED (667 nm peak, 20 nm full-width half-maximum)| -62.1| 2.8
Red, Blue LED Mixture (80 % Red, 20 % Blue)| -72.8| -3.9
Red, Blue, White LED Mixture (60 % Red, 25 % White, 15 % Blue)| -35.5| -2.0
Cool White LED| -3.3| 0.5
Warm White LED| -8.9| 0.2
Federer, C.A., and C.B. Tanner, 1966. Sensors for measuring light available for photosynthesis. Ecology 47:654-657. Ross, J., and M. Sulev, 2000. Sources of errors in measurements of PAR. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 100:103-125.
Yield Photon Flux Density (YPFD) Measurements
Photosynthesis in plants does not respond equally to all photons. Relative
quantum yield (plant photosynthetic efficiency) is dependent on wavelength
(green line in figure below) (McCree, 1972a; Inada, 1976). This is due to the
combination of spectral absorptivity of plant leaves (absorptivity is higher
for blue and red photons than green
photons) and absorption by non-photosynthetic pigments. As a result, photons
in the wavelength range of approximately 600-630 nm are the most efficient.
Defined plant
response to photons (black line, weighting factors used to calculate PPFD),
measured plant response to photons (green line, weighting factors used to
calculate YPFD), and SQ-500 series quantum sensor response to photons (sensor
spectral response).
One potential definition of PAR is weighting photon flux density in units of
mol m-2s-1 at each wavelength between 300 and 800 nm by measured relative
quantum yield and summing the result. This is defined as yield photon flux
density (YPFD, units of mol m-2s-1 ) (Sager et al., 1988). There are
uncertainties and challenges associated with this definition of PAR.
Measurements used to generate the relative quantum yield data were made on
single leaves under low radiation levels and at short time scales (McCree,
1972a; Inada, 1976). Whole plants and plant canopies typically have multiple
leaf layers and are generally grown in the field or greenhouse over the course
of an entire growing season. Thus, actual conditions plants are subject to are
likely different than those the single leaves were in when measurements were
made by McCree (1972a) and Inada (1976). In addition, relative quantum yield
shown in the figure above is the mean from twenty-two species grown in the
field (McCree, 1972a).
Mean relative quantum yield for the same species grown in growth chambers was
similar, but there were differences, particularly at shorter wavelengths (less
than 450 nm). There was also some variability between species (McCree, 1972a;
Inada, 1976).
McCree (1972b) found that equally weighting all photons between 400 and 700 nm
and summing the result, defined as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD,
in units of mol m-2s-1), was well correlated to photosynthesis, and very
similar to correlation between YPFD and photosynthesis. As a matter of
practicality, PPFD
is a simpler definition of PAR. At the same time as McCree’s work, others had
proposed PPFD as an accurate measure of PAR and built sensors that
approximated the PPFD weighting factors (Biggs et al., 1971; Federer and
Tanner, 1966). Correlation between PPFD and YPFD measurements for several
radiation sources is very high (figure below), as an approxismation, YPFD =
0.9PPFD. As a result, almost universally PAR is defined as PPFD rather than
YPFD, although YPFD has been used in some studies. The only radiation sources
shown (figure below) that don’t fall on the regression line are the high
pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, reflection from a plant canopy, and transmission
below a plant canopy. A large fraction of radiation from HPS lamps is in the
red range of wavelengths where the YPFD weighting factors (measured relative
quantum yield) are at or near one. The factor for converting PPFD to YPFD for
HPS lamps is 0.95, rather than 0.90. The factor for converting PPFD to YPFD
for reflected and transmitted photons is 1.00.
Correlation between
photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and yield photon flux density (YPFD)
for multiple
different radiation sources. YPFD is approximately 90 % of PPFD. Measurements
were made with a spectroradiometer (Apogee Instruments model PS-200) and
weighting factors shown in the previous figure were used to calculate PPFD and
YPFD.
Biggs, W., A.R. Edison, J.D. Eastin, K.W. Brown, J.W. Maranville, and M.D. Clegg, 1971. Photosynthesis light sensor and meter. Ecology 52:125-131.
Federer, C.A., and C.B. Tanner, 1966. Sensors for measuring light available for photosynthesis. Ecology 47:654-657.
Inada, K., 1976. Action spectra for photosynthesis in higher plants. Plant and Cell Physiology 17:355-365.
McCree, K.J., 1972a. The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants. Agricultural Meteorology 9:191-216.
McCree, K.J., 1972b. Test of current definitions of photosynthetically active radiation against leaf photosynthesis data. Agricultural Meteorology 10:443-453.
Sager, J.C., W.O. Smith, J.L. Edwards, and K.L. Cyr, 1988. Photosynthetic efficiency and phytochrome photoequilibria determination using spectral data. Transactions of the ASAE 31:1882-1889.
Immersion Effect Correction Factor
When a radiation sensor is submerged in water, more of the incident radiation is backscattered out of the diffuser than when the sensor is in air (Smith, 1969; Tyler and Smith, 1970). This phenomenon is caused by the difference in the refractive index for air (1.00) and water (1.33), and is called the immersion effect. Without correction for the immersion effect, radiation sensors calibrated in air can only provide relative values underwater (Smith, 1969; Tyler and Smith, 1970). Immersion effect correction factors can be derived by making measurements in air and at multiple water depths at a constant distance from a lamp in a controlled laboratory setting.
Apogee SQ-500 series quantum sensors have an immersion effect correction factor of 1.32. This correction factor should be multiplied by PPFD measurements made underwater to yield accurate PPFD.
Further information on underwater measurements and the immersion effect can be found on the Apogee webpage (http://[www.apogeeinstruments.com/underwater-par- measurements/).](http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/underwater-par- measurements/).)
Smith, R.C., 1969. An underwater spectral irradiance collector. Journal of Marine Research 27:341-351.
Tyler, J.E., and R.C. Smith, 1970. Measurements of Spectral Irradiance
Underwater. Gordon and Breach, New York,
New York. 103 pages
MAINTENANCE AND RECALIBRATION
Blocking of the optical path between the target and detector can cause low readings. Occasionally, accumulated materials on the diffuser of the upward- looking sensor can block the optical path in three common ways:
- Moisture or debris on the diffuser.
- Dust during periods of low rainfall.
- Salt deposit accumulation from evaporation of sea spray or sprinkler irrigation water.
Apogee Instruments upward-looking sensors have a domed diffuser and housing
for improved self-cleaning from rainfall, but active cleaning may be
necessary. Dust or organic deposits are best removed using water, or window
cleaner, and a soft cloth or cotton swab. Salt deposits should be dissolved
with vinegar and removed with a cloth
or cotton swab. Salt deposits cannot be removed with solvents such as
alcohol or acetone. Use only gentle pressure when cleaning the diffuser with
a cotton swab or soft cloth to avoid scratching the outer surface. The solvent
should be allowed to do the cleaning, not mechanical force. Never use
abrasive material or cleaner on the
diffuser.
Although Apogee sensors are very stable, nominal accuracy drift is normal for all research-grade sensors. To ensure maximum accuracy, we generally recommend sensors are sent in for recalibration every two years, although you can often wait longer according to your particular tolerances.
To determine if a specific sensor needs recalibration, the Clear Sky
Calculator
(www.clearskycalculator.com) website
and/or smartphone app can be used to indicate PPFD incident on a horizontal
surface at any time of day at any location in the world. It is most accurate
when used near solar noon in spring and summer months, where
accuracy over multiple clear and unpolluted days is estimated to be ± 4 % in
all climates and locations around the world. For best accuracy, the sky must
be completely clear, as reflected radiation from clouds causes incoming
radiation to increase above the value predicted by the clear sky calculator.
Measured PPFD can exceed PPFD
predicted by the Clear Sky Calculator due to reflection from thin, high clouds
and edges of clouds, which enhances incident PPFD. The influence of high
clouds typically shows up as spikes above clear sky values, not a constant
offset greater than clear sky values.
To determine recalibration need, input site conditions into the calculator and compare PPFD measurements to calculated PPFD for a clear sky. If sensor PPFD measurements over multiple days near solar noon are consistently different than calculated PPFD (by more than 6 %), the sensor should be cleaned and re- leveled. If measurements are still different after a second test, email calibration@apogeeinstruments.com to discuss test results and possible return of sensor(s).
Homepage of the Clear Sky Calculator. Two calculators are available: one for
quantum
sensors (PPFD) and one for pyranometers (total shortwave radiation).
Clear Sky Calculator for
quantum sensors. Site data are input in blue cells in middle of page and an
estimate of PPFD is
returned on right-hand side of page.
TROUBLESHOOTING AND CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Independent Verification of Functionality
Apogee SQ-512 and SQ-515 quantum sensors provide an amplified voltage output
that is proportional to incident PPFD. A quick and easy check of sensor
functionality can be determined using a DC power supply and a voltmeter. Power
the sensor with a DC voltage by connecting the positive voltage signal to the
red wire from the sensor and the negative (or common) to the black wire from
the sensor. Use the voltmeter to measure across the white wire (output signal)
and black wire. Direct the sensor head toward a light source and verify the
sensor provides a signal. Increase and decrease the distance from the sensor
head to the light source to verify that the signal changes
proportionally (decreasing signal with increasing distance and increasing
signal with decreasing distance). Blocking all radiation from the sensor
should force the sensor signal to zero.
Compatible Measurement Devices (Dataloggers/Controllers/Meters)
SQ-500 series quantum sensors are calibrated with a standard calibration
factor of 1.6 µmol m-2s -1 per mV (SQ512) or 0.8 µmol m-2s-1 per mV (SQ-515),
yielding a sensitivity of 0.6 mV per µmol m-2s-1 (SQ-512) or 1.3 mV per µmol
m-2s -1
(SQ-515). Thus, a compatible measurement device (e.g., datalogger or
controller) should have resolution of at least 0.6 mV (SQ-512) or 1.3 mV
(SQ-515) in order to provide PPFD resolution of 1 µmol m-2s-1
.
An example datalogger program for Campbell Scientific dataloggers can be found
on the Apogee webpage at
http://[www.apogeeinstruments.com/downloads/](http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/downloads/).
Zero Offset Error
With the use of certain dataloggers it is possible for to measure a non-zero voltage (zero offset) when the sensor output should be zero (no photons incident on diffuser). This offset can be corrected by applying the necessary correction offset in the datalogger program. To test if a zero offset exists, connect the sensor to the datalogger in question, cover the sensor head completely with a thick black cloth to block all photons, and allow the reading to stabilize. If an offset exists, connect the sensor lead wires to a DC power supply and an independent measurement instrument, such as a voltmeter, cover the sensor head completely to block all photons, and allow the reading to stabilize. If the offset still exists, contact Apogee customer support to recalibrate the sensor. If the offset does not exist, program the datalogger to take into account the offset attributed by the datalogger in question.
Cable Length
When the sensor is connected to a measurement device with high input
impedance, sensor output signals are not changed by shortening the cable or
splicing on additional cable in the field. Tests have shown that if the input
impedance of the measurements device is greater than 1 mega-ohm there is
negligible effect on the calibration,
even after adding up to 100 m of cable. All Apogee sensors use shielded,
twisted pair cable to minimize electromagnetic interference. For best
measurements, the shield wire must be connected to an earth ground. This is
particularly important when using the sensor with long lead lengths in
electromagnetically noisy environments.
Modifying Cable Length
See Apogee webpage for details on how to extend sensor cable length:
(http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/how-to-make-a-weatherproof-cable-
splice/).
Unit Conversion Charts
Apogee SQ-500 series quantum sensors are calibrated to measure PPFD in units
of µmol m-2s-1. Units other than photon flux density (e.g., energy flux
density, illuminance) may be required for certain applications. It is possible
to convert PPFD from a quantum sensor to other units, but it requires spectral
output of the radiation source of interest. Conversion factors for common
radiation sources can be found in the Knowledge Base on the Apogee
website (http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/knowledge-
base/; scroll down to Quantum Sensors section).
A spreadsheet to convert PPFD to energy flux density or illuminance is also
provided in the Knowledge Base on the Apogee website
(http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/content/PPFD-to-Illuminance-
Calculator.xls).
APOGEE INSTRUMENTS, INC. | 721 WEST 1800 NORTH, LOGAN, UTAH 84321, USA
TEL: 435-792-4700 | FAX: 435-787-8268 |
Copyright © 2020 Apogee Instruments, Inc.
References
- Software Downloads - Datalogger Programs | Apogee Instruments
- How to Make a Weatherproof Cable Splice
- Support | Apogee Instruments
- Underwater PAR Measurements | Apogee Instruments
- Clear Sky Calculator | Apogee Instruments Inc.
- Clear Sky Calculator | Apogee Instruments Inc.