intel MAX 10 Power Management User Guide

intel MAX 10 Power Management

The value of the transient current is based on the zero decoupling capacitance on the characterization board. The observed value will be less than the published value after adding the decoupling capacitance on your design board. Intel recommends using a soft start regulator that is able to reduce the transient current when the device is powered.

Intel® MAX® 10 Power Management Overview

Intel® MAX® 10 devices offer the following power supply device options:

• Single-supply device—requires 1 external power supply of 3.0 V or 3.3 V while offering maximum convenience and board simplicity.
• Dual-supply device—requires 2 external power supplies of 1.2 V and 2.5 V while offering the most features, highest performance, and the lowest power solution.

Related Information

• Intel MAX 10 Power Management Features and Architecture on page 4
  Provides information about power management features and architecture.

• Intel MAX 10 Power Management User Guide Archives on page 21 Provides a list of user guides for previous versions.

Intel MAX 10 Power Management Features and Architecture

Intel MAX 10 power optimization features are as follows:

• Single-supply or dual-supply device options
• Power-on reset (POR) circuitry
• Power management controller scheme
• Hot socketing

Power Supply Device Options

Single-Supply Device
Intel MAX 10 single-supply devices only need either a 3.0- or 3.3-V external power supply. The external power supply serves as an input to the Intel MAX 10 device VCC_ONE and VCCA power pins. This external power supply is then regulated by an internal voltage regulator in the Intel MAX 10 single-supply device to 1.2 V. The 1.2-V voltage level is required by core logic operation.
Intel MAX 10 Single-Supply Device

Dual-Supply Device
Intel MAX 10 dual-supply devices require 1.2 V and 2.5 V for the device core logic and periphery operation.

Comparison of the Intel MAX 10 Power Supply Device Options

For Intel MAX 10 single-supply devices, only one power supply is required—3.0 V or 3.3 V to power the core of the FPGA. The same power supply can be used to power the I/O if the same 3.0 V or 3.3 V voltage is required. If different I/O voltage is used, then additional voltage regulators will be needed.
For Intel MAX 10 dual-supply devices, two power supplies are required to supply power to the device core, periphery, phase-locked loop (PLL), and analog-to-digital converters (ADC) blocks—1.2 V and 2.5 V. Depending on the I/O standard voltage requirement, you may use two or more voltage regulators.
As the power rails for the FPGA core are supplied externally in the Intel MAX 10 dual-supply devices, the design can be optimized for power by using high efficiency switching power supplies on the board. The power savings will be equal to the increased efficiency of the regulators used compared to the internal linear regulators of the Intel MAX 10 single-supply devices. If linear regulators are used to power the Intel MAX 10 dual-supply devices, the power consumption of the Intel MAX 10 dual-supply devices will be approximately equal to the Intel MAX 10 single-supply devices.
The device performance of the single-supply device is lower than that of the dual-supply device. For the performance difference in terms of LVDS, pseudo- LVDS, digital signal processing (DSP), and internal memory performance, refer to the Intel MAX 10 FPGA device datasheet.

Related Information
Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Datasheet
Provides details about the Intel MAX 10 performance difference in terms of LVDS, pseudo-LVDS, DSP, and internal memory performance.

Power Supply Design
Designing a power tree for a Intel MAX 10 single- or dual-supply device will vary depending on the static and dynamic power, as well as I/O and other feature utilization, for each specific use case.
The Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Family Pin Connection Guidelines provides a more detailed recommendation about how to group inputs to power a Intel MAX 10 device. The Early Power Estimators (EPE) tool for Intel MAX 10 devices provides input rail power requirements and specific device recommendations based on each specific Intel MAX 10 use case.
Individual input rail voltage, current requirements, and input rail groupings are summarized on the Report tab.
Intel MAX 10 single-supply devices have maximum power consumption of VCC_ONE, as listed in the following table. Running a design that goes beyond the maximum power
consumption of VCC_ONE of the Intel MAX 10 single-supply device may cause functional issue on the device. Therefore, ensure that your device does not exceed the maximum
power consumption of VCC_ONE when you analyze the power consumption of your design using the EPE spreadsheet.
Maximum Power Consumption of VCC_ONE for Intel MAX 10 Single-Supply Devices

Related Information
Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Family Pin Connection Guidelines
Provides a more detailed recommendation about how to group inputs in order to power an Intel MAX 10 device.
Early Power Estimators (EPE) and Power Analyzer

Transient Current
You may observe a transient current at the VCCIO power supply when powering up the Intel MAX 10 devices. The transient current of VCCIO applies to all VCCIO voltage levels supported by the Intel MAX 10 device.

Maximum VCCIO Power Supply Transient Current for Intel MAX 10 Devices

Device| Maximum Power Supply Transient Current (mA)| Duration (s)
---|---|---
10M02| 220| 25% of the ramp time
10M04| 290
10M08| 300
10M16| 430
10M25| 510
10M40| 670
10M50| 680

The value of the transient current is based on the zero decoupling capacitance on the characterization board. The observed value will be less than the published value after adding the decoupling capacitance on your design board. Intel recommends using a soft start regulator that is able to reduce the transient current when the device is powered.

Power-On Reset Circuitry

The POR circuitry keeps the Intel MAX 10 device in the reset state until all power supplies reach the recommended operating range during device power up. The individual power supply must reach the recommended operating range within the maximum power supply ramp time, tRAMP.
If the ramp time, tRAMP, is not met, the Intel MAX 10 device I/O pins and programming registers remain tri-stated, during which device configuration could fail.
The Intel MAX 10 device POR circuit monitors the following power rails during power up regardless of the power supply device options:

• VCC or regulated VCC_ONE
• VCCIO of banks 1B and 8 (2)
• VCCA

The POR circuitry also ensures VCCIO level of I/O banks 1B and 8(2) that contain configuration pins reach an acceptable level before configuration is triggered.

Power Supplies Monitored and Not Monitored by the POR Circuitry

Power Supply Device Options| Power Supplies Monitored| Power Supplies Not Monitored
---|---|---
Single-supply device| •    Regulated VCC_ONE

•    VCCA

•    VCCIO (3)

| —
Dual-supply device| •    VCC

•    VCCA

•    VCCIO(3)

| •    VCCD_PLL

•    VCCA_ADC

•    VCCINT

The Intel MAX 10 POR circuitry uses an individual POR-detecting circuitry to monitor each of the configuration-related power supplies independently. The outputs of all the individual POR detectors gate the main POR circuitry. The main POR circuitry waits for all individual POR circuitries to release the POR signal before allowing the control block to start configuring the device. The main POR is released after the last ramp-up power reaches the POR trip level followed by a POR delay.
Monitored Power Supplies Ramp Up

• Each individual power supply must reach the recommended operating range within the specified tRAMP.
• All VCCIO banks must reach the recommended operating level before configuration completes.
• The typical value of POR delay is 2.5 ms for Intel MAX 10 devices.

Simplified POR Diagram for Intel MAX 10 Devices

After the Intel MAX 10 device enters user mode, the POR circuit continues to monitor
the VCCA and VCC power supplies. This is to detect a brown-out condition during user mode. If either the VCCA or VCC voltages go below the POR trip point during user mode, the main POR signal is asserted. When the main POR signal is asserted, the
device is forced into reset state. VCCIO(3) is monitored by the POR circuitry. In the event of the VCCIO(3) voltage drops during user mode, the POR circuit does not reset the device. However, the POR circuit does monitor the VCCIO voltage drop for up to 9 ms after the last power rail reaches its trip point.

Instant-On Support
In some applications, it is necessary for a device to wake up very quickly to begin operation. The Intel MAX 10 device offers the instant-on feature to support fast wake-up time applications. With the instant-on feature, Intel MAX 10 devices can directly enter configuration mode with a short delay time after the POR trips for the monitored power supplies.

Power Management Controller Scheme

The power management controller scheme allows you to allocate some applications in sleep mode during runtime. This enables you to to turn off portions of the design, thus reducing dynamic power consumption. You can re- enable your application with a fast wake-up time of less than 1 ms.

Power Management Controller Architecture

The Intel MAX 10 device contains hardware features that enable I/O power down and global clock (GCLK) gating to manage low-power state during sleep mode. You can power down the I/O buffer dynamically when your application is in idle or sleep mode. One example is the digital single lens reflex DSLR camera application where the LVDS I/O needs to be powered down during the idle condition. Without touching any buttons, the screen turns off while the camera is still powered on. Intel provides a soft power management controller as reference design utilizing low-power features implemented in the Intel MAX 10 devices. You can modify the reference design based on your application. The soft power management controller includes a simple finite state machine (FSM) to manage the low-power state mode by powering down the I/O buffer and GCLK gating during sleep mode.
All Intel MAX 10 devices contain hardware features for clock gating. The 10M16, 10M25, 10M40, and 10M50 devices contain hardware features for I/O power down. With hardware features, you can manage the low-power state during sleep mode by using the soft power management controller that you define.
You can implement the power management controller in FPGA core fabric with a minimum of one I/O port reserved for sleep mode enter and exit signals.

Internal Oscillator
The internal oscillator clocks the power management controller operation. The internal oscillator is routed from flash to the core. The internal oscillator enables the power management controller to detect the wake-up event and the sleep mode event. In order to enable the internal oscillator clock when the power management controller is enabled, you have to set oscena to 1. For the clock frequency of the internal oscillator, refer to the Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Datasheet.

Related Information
Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Datasheet
Provides details about the Intel MAX 10 ramp time requirements, internal oscillator clock frequency, and hot-socketing specifications.

I/O Buffer Power Down
The Intel MAX 10 device has a dynamic power-down feature on some of the I/O buffers that have high-static power consumption. The dynamic power-down feature is only applicable for the I/O buffers that have been programmed for the I/O standards in the following table.

I/O Buffer| I/O Standards| Control Port| Control Signal Capability
---|---|---|---
Input| SSTL, HSTL, HSUL, and LVDS| nsleep| 1 per I/O bank(4)
Output| All I/O standards| oe| 1 per I/O buffer

During power-up and configuration modes, the soft power management controller is not yet configured and the control signals are forced to 1 (inactive). After configuration mode, when the power management controller is activated, the power management controller will default the control signals to 1. When control signals are 0, the power management controller powers down or tri- states the I/O buffers. Subsequently the I/O is put into the sleep mode.
The Intel MAX 10 device I/O buffers need to maintain the previous states during the sleep mode operation. The previous states in your core logics remain upon exiting the sleep mode.

Global Clock Gating
The dynamic power-down feature is available in GCLK networks only. You can use the power management controller for the dynamic power-down of a GCLK network by controlling the active high enout signal. The GCLK networks serve as low- skew clock sources for functional blocks such as logic array blocks (LABs), DSP, embedded memory, and PLLs.
When a GCLK network is gated, all the logics fed by the GCLK network are in off-state. This reduces the overall power consumption of the device. The dynamic power-down feature allows core logics to control the following power- up and power-down conditions of the GCLK networks:

• Power down synchronously or asynchronously
• Power up asynchronously

GCLK Gating

Hot Socketing

The Intel MAX 10 device offers hot socketing, which is also known as hot plug- in or hot swap, and power sequencing support without the use of any external devices. You can insert or remove the Intel MAX 10 device on a board in a system during system operation. This does not affect the running system bus or the board that is inserted into the system.
The hot-socketing feature removes some encountered difficulties when using the Intel MAX 10 device on a PCB that contains a mixture of devices with different voltage levels.
With the Intel MAX 10 device hot-socketing feature, you no longer need to ensure a proper power-up sequence for each device on the board. Intel MAX 10 device hot-socketing feature provides:

• Board or device insertion and removal without external components or board manipulation
• Support for any power-up sequence
• Non-intrusive I/O buffers to system buses during hot insertion

Hot-Socketing Specifications
The Intel MAX 10 device is a hot-socketing compliant device that does not need any external components or special design requirements. Hot-socketing support in the Intel MAX 10 device has the following advantages:

• You can drive the devices before power up without damaging the device.
• I/O pins remain tri-stated during power up. The device does not drive out before or during power up, therefore not affecting other buses in operation.

Drive Intel MAX 10 Devices Before Power Up
Before or during power up or power down, you can drive signals into I/O pins, dedicated input pins, and dedicated clock pins without damaging the Intel MAX 10 devices.
The Intel MAX 10 device supports any power-up or power-down sequence to simplify system-level design.

I/O Pins Remain Tri-stated During Power up
The output buffers of the Intel MAX 10 device are turned off during system power up or power down. The Intel MAX 10 device family does not drive out until the device is configured and working in recommended operating conditions. The I/O pins are tri-stated during power up or power down.
A possible concern for semiconductor devices in general regarding hot- socketing is the potential for latch up. Latch up can occur when electrical subsystems are hot-socketed into an active system. During hot-socketing, the signal pins may be connected and driven by the active system. This occurs before the power supply can provide current to the VCC of the device and ground planes. This condition can lead to latch up and cause a low-impedance path from VCC to ground in the device. As a result, the device extends a large amount of current, possibly causing electrical damage.
The design of the I/O buffers and hot-socketing circuitry ensures that the Intel MAX 10 device family is immune to latch up during hot-socketing.

Related Information
Intel MAX 10 FPGA Device Datasheet
Provides details about the Intel MAX 10 ramp time requirements, internal oscillator clock frequency, and hot-socketing specifications.

Hot-Socketing Feature Implementation
The hot-socketing feature tri-states the output buffer during the power-up (VCCIO or VCC power supplies) or power-down event. The hot-socketing circuitry generates an internal HOTSCKT signal when VCCIO or VCC is below the threshold voltage during power up or power down. The HOTSCKT signal cuts off the output buffer to ensure that no DC current leaks through the pin. Each I/O pin has the circuitry shown in the following figure. The hot-socketing circuit does not include CONF_DONE and nSTATUS pins to ensure that these pins are able to operate during configuration. Thus, it is an expected behavior for these pins to drive out during power-up and power-down sequences.

Hot-Socketing Circuitry for Intel MAX 10 Devices

The POR circuit monitors the voltage level of power supplies and keeps the I/O pins tri-stated during power up. The weak pull-up resistor in Intel MAX 10 device I/O elements (IOE) keeps the I/O pins from floating. The voltage tolerance control circuit
protects the I/O pins from being driven before VCCIO and VCC supplies are powered up. This prevents the I/O pins from driving out when the device is not in user mode.
Intel uses GND as reference for hot-socketing operation and I/O buffer designs. To ensure proper operation, Intel recommends connecting the GND between boards before connecting the power supplies. This prevents the GND on your board from being pulled up inadvertently by a path to power through other components on your board. A pulled up GND can cause an out-of-specification I/O voltage or current condition with the Intel FPGA.

Power Management Controller Reference Design

This reference design utilizes the low-power feature supported in Intel MAX 10 devices. The following figure shows the related block diagrams in the power management controller reference design.
Power Management Controller Block Diagram

Input and Output Ports of the Power Management Controller Reference Design

when the system is entering the sleep mode condition. This signal is de- asserted when the system exits the sleep mode condition completely.
gpio_pad_output[3:0]| Output| General-purpose I/O (GPIO) output ports.
cnt_value[7:0]| Output| Free-running counter value in user logic.
cnt_enter_sleep[7:0]| Output| Counter value when the system is entering sleep mode condition.
cnt_exit_sleep[7:0]| Output| Counter value when the system is exiting sleep mode condition.

The power management controller design is a FSM showing the state of powering down and powering up global clocks (GCLKs) and I/O buffers. The internal oscillator, clock control block, and I/O buffer are intellectual property (IP) that are supported by the Intel Quartus® Prime software and you can instantiate the IPs from the IP catalog. The user logic can be any logical circuitry that are implemented using logic element (LE) and an embedded component such as DSP and internal memory in your design. In this reference design, the user logic used is a free-running 8-bit counter. The cnt_enter_sleep and cnt_exit_sleep ports are used to ensure user logic can enter and exit sleep mode without data corruption. It is expected for that cnt_enter_sleep[7:0] and cnt_exit_sleep[7:0] are at the same value after the user logic enter and exit sleep mode. gpio_pad_output ports demonstrate tri- stated state of the GPIO when the system is in sleep mode.

Related Information
Power Management Controller Reference Design

Clock Control Block

The ALTCLKCTRL Intel FPGA IP core (clk_control_altclkctrl) is an IP provided in the Intel Quartus Prime software. This IP is used to control the clock system in the device. The GCLKs that drive through the device can be dynamically powered down by controlling the active high ena signal. The ena port is an input to the clock control IP block. When this IP is instantiated, select the ena port to enable the controls of GCLKs.

Related Information
ALTCLKCTRL Intel FPGA IP Core User Guide

 I/O Buffer

The GPIO Lite Intel FPGA IP core (altera_gpio_lite) is implemented as an input, output, or bidirectional I/O buffer. You can control the power down of these I/O buffers by enabling the nsleep port of the input buffer and the oe port of the output buffer. The oe and nsleep ports are pulled low by the power management controller design to power down the I/O buffers during sleep mode. Intel recommends using a separate GPIO Lite Intel FPGA IP core when some of the I/O buffer is not required to be powered down.

Related Information
GPIO Lite Intel FPGA IP Core References

 Internal Oscillator

Internal Oscillator Intel FPGA IP core (altera_in_osc) is a free-running oscillator once you enable it. This oscillator runs throughout the entire power management controller design.

Related Information
Internal Oscillator Intel FPGA IP Core

Power Management Controller

The power management controller implements a simple FSM to control the power- up and power-down sequences of the GCLK networks and I/O buffer.

FSM of the Power Management Controller

Entering State
When the power management controller detects a sleep event, the FSM transitions to the Entering state and performs power-down operation on I/O buffers and GCLK networks. A sleep event is detected when the sleep signal is asserted. A sleep event could be triggered by an internal or external request.

Sleep State
After the power-down operation on I/O buffers and GCLK networks, the FSM transitions to the Sleep state and waits for the wake-up event. This state is the sleep mode state.

Exiting State
When the power management controller detects a wake-up event, the FSM transitions to the Exiting state and performs power-up operation on I/O buffers and GCLK networks. A wake-up event is detected when the sleep signal is de-asserted. A wake-up event could be triggered by an internal or external request such as interruption or time-out on some counters.

Awake State
After the power-up operation on I/O buffers and GCLK networks, the FSM transitions to the Awake state.
This process repeats when a sleep event is initiated again.

Entering or Exiting Sleep Mode

During power-up and configuration modes, the sleep signal must be low. When the sleep signal is asserted, the device immediately enters sleep mode. Upon entering sleep mode, the functionality of the device such as GCLK networks and I/O buffers are dynamically powered down—to minimize dynamic power dissipation. All configuration data is retained when the device is in the sleep mode.

]Entering Sleep Mode
Figure 10. Entering Sleep Mode Timing Diagram

The following sequence occurs when the device enters sleep mode:

1. An internal or external request drives the sleep signal high, forcing the device to go into sleep mode.
2. After a delay of T1, the power management controller powers down all the I/O buffers by de-asserting ioe signal that connects to oe and nsleep ports of the I/O buffers.
3. After a delay of T2, the power management controller turns off all GCLK networks by disabling clk_ena[15:0] signal from LSB to MSB. After three clock cycles, the clk_ena[15:0] signal is fully disabled and transits into the sleep state.
4.  The power management controller remains in sleep state until the sleep signal is de-asserted.
5. User logic will latch the running counter value before entering the sleep state and output to cnt_sleep_enter port. The running counter is then frozen.
6. gpio_pad_output (GPIO) is tri-stated when ioe is de-asserted.

Exiting Sleep Mode
Figure 11. Exiting Sleep Mode Timing Diagram

The following sequence occurs when the device exits sleep mode:

1. An internal or external request drives the sleep signal low, forcing the device to exit sleep mode.
2. After a delay of T3, the power management controller turns on all GCLK networks by enabling clk_ena[15:0] signal from LSB to MSB. After three clock cycles, the clk_ena[15:0] signal is fully enabled and all GCLK networks are turned on.
3. After a delay of T4, the power management controller powers up all the I/O buffers by asserting the ioe signal.
4.  The power management controller remains in awake state until the sleep signal is asserted.
5.  User logic will latch the running counter value before the awake state and output to cnt_sleep_exit port. The running counter is then release from freeze.
6. gpio_pad_output (GPIO) is driving its output value when ioe is asserted.

Timing Parameters
The following table lists the definition and minimum value of the T1, T2, T3, and T4 parameters in the entering sleep mode timing diagram and exiting sleep mode timing diagram, respectively.
T1, T2, T3, and T4 Parameters Minimum Value and Definition

Parameter| Width (bits)| Minimum Value (Clock Cycle)| Description
---|---|---|---
T1| 6| 1| ioe disable timing.
T2| 6| 11| clk_ena disable timing.
T3| 6| 1| clk_ena enable timing.
T4| 6| 40| ioe enable timing.

Hardware Implementation and Current Measurement

This design is implemented using the 10M50DAF484C6 device. You can implement this design using any Intel MAX 10 device. This design runs on the Intel MAX 10 Development Kit Board to show current and power relative between user mode and sleep mode.
The resource utilization of this design is as follows:

• 42,000 LEs (84% of total LEs)—gray counter top module utilizes most of the LEs in the device
•  33 I/O pins (9% of total pins)—covering 3 input pins and 30 output pins

The current in this design is measured using a current monitor component (the Linear Technologies LTC 2990). The measured current is further processed by a pre-programmed design in a MAX II device. The measured current is shown on Intel FPGA power monitor GUI when the PowerMonitor.exe is launched. You will see a current monitor for each of the main supplies to the Intel MAX 10 device as follows:

• 2.5V_CORE(5)
• 2.5V_VCCIO
•  1.5V_VCCIO
• 1.2V_VCC

For design demonstration purpose, the push button is used for sleep control and the LEDs are used for sleep status. Thus, these signals have been inverted on the pin level. To enter sleep mode, press and hold the push button USER_PB0. To release the design to user mode, release the push button USER_PB0. LED0 indicates the sleep status of the device. LED0 is turned on when the device enters sleep mode and is turned off when the device is in user mode. During sleep mode, gpio_pad_output ports connecting to LED1–LED4 are tri-stated and then turned off.

Figure 12. Current Monitor for Each Supply

The results show an approximate 93% reduction in the core current (1.2V_ICC) consumption and an approximate 56% reduction in I/O current (2.5V_ICCIO) consumption in sleep mode relative to user mode. The total power consumption reduction in this design in sleep mode is about 68%.

Intel MAX 10 Power Management User Guide Archives

If an IP core version is not listed, the user guide for the previous IP core version applies.

Document Revision History for the Intel MAX 10 Power Management User

Guide

Power Management Overview_ and Power Supply Design sections.
2018.07.04| 18.0| •    Updated the Power-On Reset Circuitry section to include information that the individual power supply must reach the recommended operating range within the maximum power supply ramp time, tRAMP.

•    Beginning from the Intel Quartus Prime software version 18.0, the name of this IP core has been changed from Clock Control Block (ALTCLKCTRL) IP Core to ALTCLKCTRL Intel FPGA IP Core.

•    Beginning from the Intel Quartus Prime software version 18.0, the name of this IP core has been changed from Altera GPIO Lite IP Core to GPIO Lite Intel FPGA IP Core.

•    Beginning from the Intel Quartus Prime software version 18.0, the name of this IP core has been changed from Internal Oscillator IP Core to Internal Oscillator Intel FPGA IP Core.

•    Updated Powerplay Early Power Estimator (EPE) to Early Power Estimator.

section.
February 2017| 2017.02.21| Rebranded as Intel.
May 2016| 2016.05.02| •    Updated the I/O Pins Remain Tri-stated During Power Up section.

•    Updated the Power Supplies Monitored and Not Monitored by the POR Circuitry section.

•    Updated the information for the single-supply device in the Instant-On Power-Up Sequence Requirement table.

November 2015| 2015.11.02| •    Added the Transient Current section.

•    Changed instances of Quartus II to Quartus Prime.

February 2015| 2015.02.09| Added the MAX 10 Power Management Controller Reference Design.
December 2014| 2014.12.15| •    Updated the MAX 10 Power Management Overview section.

•    Updated the Dual-Supply Device section to update details on power consumption for dual-supply devices.

•    Updated the Power Supply Design section to include the maximum power consumption for each Intel MAX 10 single-supply device.

•    Updated the Power Management Controller Scheme section to include updates on sleep mode.

September 2014| 2014.09.22| Initial release.

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