Drucker Diagnostics Dash Apex 6 Place Compact Stat Centrifuge User Manual
- June 9, 2024
- Drucker Diagnostics
Table of Contents
- SYMBOLS
- MODEL DESCRIPTION
- FEATURES
- CAUTION AND WARNING STATEMENTS
- INITIAL SETUP
- OPERATION
- SETTINGS
- REVIEW CYCLE TIME AND SPEED SETTINGS
- BALANCING LOADS
- CARE AND PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
- CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
- CALCULATING THE G-FORCE
- REPLACEMENT PARTS
- References
- Read User Manual Online (PDF format)
- Download This Manual (PDF format)
Dash Apex 6 Place Compact Stat Centrifuge
User Manual (Dash Apex 6
Shown)
DASH
6, 12, and 24 Operator’s Manual
(Dash Apex 6 Shown)
SYMBOLS
Symbol | Definition | Use |
---|---|---|
**** | Caution | Caution to safety hazard. |
Potential risk of personal injury or damage to the instrument if improperly
handled. Consult the manual before proceeding.
| Manufacturer| Manufacturer of record.
| Electrical and electronic products recycling symbol| Recycle only as
electronic waste. Do not dispose in normal waste.
RoHS Compliant
| RoHS Compliant| Compliance with RoHS environmental standards.
| CE Mark| Denotes conformity to specific European directives and regulations.
| MET Listing| Denotes conformity to specific safety standards and
regulations.
FDA LISTED
| FDA Listed| Denotes that the product has been properly listed with the FDA.
ISO13485 certified
| ISO Certification| Denotes conformity to quality standards and quality management systems.
MODEL DESCRIPTION
DASH Apex is engineered for STAT sample processing. When used with the Drucker
DASH Approach to centrifugation, the DASH Apex cuts your turnaround time (TAT)
by up to 20 minutes.
This general-purpose laboratory centrifuge may also be used to spin approved
containers with biologics, chemicals (non-flammable, non-explosive, non-
volatile, and non-highly reactive), and environmental samples.
FEATURES
- Simple 2-Button interface
- Three (3) easily selectable pre-set cycles are conveniently labeled for your lab’s most common applications. Use the default cycles or settings can be customized. An LED light indicates the current selected setting.
- If desired, the control panel can be locked on one preset cycle, ideal for standardization to a single spin.
- Lid lighting indicates the centrifuge’s status (ready, running, done), keeping your TAT down (patent pending).
- A traditional audible alert indicates the completion of the cycle.
- Cool–Flow air flow design prevents overheating of samples by maintaining room temperature.
- Carbon fibers are used to reinforce the tube holders and provide high strength and durability.
- A clear lid permits safe observation of samples and optical calibration of speed.
- The lid safety system only allows entry into the centrifuge after the rotor has completely stopped.
- The lid safety system prevents the centrifuge from operating unless the lid is closed and latched.
- The high-power brushless DC motor provides years of operation with no routine maintenance.
INTENDED USE
General purpose laboratory centrifuge, intended for the density-based
separation of fluids through centripetal acceleration.
WARRANTY
Drucker Diagnostics warranties that this centrifuge is free from defects in
workmanship and parts for 2 years.
CAUTION AND WARNING STATEMENTS
This device is intended to be operated by properly trained personnel who have
carefully read the operating manual and are familiar with the function of the
device. [Refer to the clinical laboratory method specified by the specimen
receptacle manufacturer or established by the medical technology for the
products applications.] For the safety of both the operator and service
personnel, care should be taken when using this centrifuge if handling
substances that are known to be toxic, radioactive or contaminated with
pathogenic microorganisms. Use appropriate personal protection equipment
(PPE). When Risk Group II materials are used, (as identified in the World
Health Organization “Laboratory Bio-Safety Manual”), a Bio- Seal should be
employed. In the event that materials of a higher risk group are being used,
more than one level of protection must be provided. The use of flammable or
explosive materials as well as those materials which have a vigorous chemical
reaction is prohibited.
Unplug the centrifuge before cleaning or performing maintenance.
Inspect centrifuge for cracks or physical damage to cabinet, lid, rotor, or
tube holders. Damage may result in unsafe operation. Discontinue use until
repairs have been performed.
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if
not installed and used in accordance with this operator manual, may cause
interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area may cause interference, in
which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own
expense.
Due to the lack of the possibility of human exposure, all Drucker centrifuges
and accessories sold by Drucker Diagnostics, Inc. are compliant without any
special labeling required by the California Safe Drinking
Water and Toxic Enforcement Act (Proposition 65).
INITIAL SETUP
-
Unpack and verify that all the following are included:
• Centrifuge
• Power cord
• Tube holders: 6 for Apex 6, 12 for Apex 12, or 6 buckets for Apex 24
• Quick Start Guide -
Setup the centrifuge on flat and level surface. A bench top clearance height of 21” (54 cm) is required to open the lid.
-
The centrifuge should have 6” (15 cm) of clear space around the centrifuge. Proper ventilation is necessary to prevent the overheating of samples as well as premature failure of the centrifuge. Choose an area which allows unencumbered air flow, and where the temperature remains between 16°C and 32°C.
-
No hazardous material shall be permitted in the clearance envelope during operation.
-
The operator time within the envelope shall be limited to the time necessary for loading, unloading, and centrifuge operation only.
-
Plug the line cord into the centrifuge.
-
Plug the line cord into an electrical outlet.
-
Turn on the power switch on the back of the centrifuge
BE SURE THE ELECTRICAL OUTLET IS ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE AS THE LINE CORD IS THE MEANS OF EMERGENCY DISCONNECTION!
OPERATION
- Place the tubes into the tube holders. Be sure to follow the rules for balanced loads as listed on page 8.
- Close the lid and turn the lid knob clockwise to its complete stop position.
- The LED light is on for the cycle currently selected. The selected cycle determines the run time and speed. To change the selected cycle, press the UNLOCK button in rapid succession until the desired cycle is selected. Two seconds after selection, the button reverts to its UNLOCK function.
- Pushing the START button on the control panel starts the spin cycle.
- When the cycle is completed, the rotor will slow to a complete stop and the lid light will flash.
- The locking mechanism will disengage for 60 seconds allowing entry into the rotor chamber. To unlock after more than 60 seconds have elapsed, press the UNLOCK button. The lid will unlock for another 15 seconds.
- Turn the lid knob counterclockwise and open the lid. The lid light will turn off.
- You may now safely remove the samples.
QUICK START
The LED indicator light is on for the cycle currently selected. Depending on
your unit, you may have the following cycles:
BarricorTM: | For BD Vacutainer® BarricorTM tubes |
---|---|
Cog: | For Coagulation or Platelet Poor Plasma (PPP) |
PST/System: | For BD PSTT^^ & System tubes with gel or blood tubes without gel |
Chemistry: | For BD PST” II & System II tubes with gel or blood tubes without |
gel
3 Min:| STAT centrifugation at 4,000 xu
5 Min:| STAT centrifugation at 4,000 xu (6 and 12) or 3,000 xu (24)
6 Min:| STAT centrifugation at 3,000 xu
Custom:| This setting can be customized to your lab’s validated cycles.
| Start| Begins running the cycle indicated by the cycle indicator LED
light. The lid must be closed.
---|---|---
| Unlock| Allows access into the rotor chamber by disengaging the
locking mechanism. Entry is only possible when the rotor is stopped.
| Stop| Pressing the UNLOCK button during operation will terminate the
run and unlock the lid after the rotor has come to a stop.
| Cycle Selection| The LED light is on for the cycle currently selected.
To change the selected cycle, press the UNLOCK button in succession until the
desired cycle is selected. Two seconds after selection, the button reverts to
its UNLOCK function.
---|---|---
| Lock Cycle Selection| Select desired cycle. Press and hold the UNLOCK
button for 5 seconds. Two beeps will confirm that cycle selection is locked.
| Unlock Cycle Selection| To re-enable cycle selection, press and hold
the UNLOCK button for 5 seconds. Three beeps will confirm that cycle selection
is now unlocked.
SETTINGS
Factory Settings
| DASH Apex 6| DASH Apex 12|
DASH Apex 24
---|---|---|---
Cycle| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force
3 min| 5,300| 3| 4,000| 5,200| 3| 4,000| 4,200| 5| 3,000
5 min| 5,300| 5| 4,000| 5,200| 5| 4,000| 4,200| 6| 3,000
Custom| 3,800| 7| 2,000| 3,600| 7| 2,000| 3,500| 7| 2,000
Factory Settings
| DASH Apex 6| DASH Apex 12|
DASH Apex 24
---|---|---|---
Cycle| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force
BarricorTM| 5,300| 3| 4,000| 5,200| 3| 4,000| 4,200| 5| 3,000
Coag| 5,300| 5| 4,000| 5,200| 5| 4,000| 4,200| 6| 3,000
PST/SSTTM| 3,800| 7| 2,000| 3,600| 7| 2,000| 3,500| 7| 2,000
Factory Settings
| DASH Apex 6| DASH Apex 12|
DASH Apex 24
---|---|---|---
Cycle| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force| RPM| Time| G-Force
BarricorTM| 5,300| 3| 4,000| 5,200| 3| 4,000| 4,200| 5| 3,000
Cog| 5,300| 5| 4,000| 5,200| 5| 4,000| 4,200| 6| 3,000
Chemistry
(PSTII/SSTIITM)| 4,600| 5| 3,000| 4,400| 5| 3,000| 4,300| 5| 3,000
Custom cycles, if desired:
Cycle | Tube Type | RPM | G-Force (RCF) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 |
NOTE: Timer starts when speed reaches 90% of set speed. Deceleration time is not included in cycle time.
REVIEW CYCLE TIME AND SPEED SETTINGS
Your settings may not be standard. To review current settings, follow this procedure:
- The lid must be opened to review the selected cycle time and speed.
- Press and hold the START button until you hear a beep.
- Release the START button, the centrifuge will beep and the LED light will flash once for each minute of run time in the current cycle.
- Pressing the START button again will cause the unit to beep and the LED light to flash once for each 100 rpm in the current cycle.
- The centrifuge will automatically revert to normal mode at the end.
CHANGING CYCLE TIME AND SPEED SETTINGS
- The lid must be opened to change the selected cycle time and speed.
- Select the cycle you wish to change.
- Press and hold the START and UNLOCK buttons together until the LED light flashes.
- Press the START button for each minute of run time.
- Move to speed setting mode by pressing the UNLOCK button.
- Press the START button once for each 100 rpm.
- Press the UNLOCK button to exit setting mode.
BALANCING LOADS
Your centrifuge must contain a balanced load to work properly. Spinning balanced loads will extend the life of the centrifuge and produce better results. Use the following rules when loading the rotor. If an odd number of samples is to be spun, fill a tube with water to match the weight of the unpaired sample and place it across from this sample.
Opposing tube holders must be equally loaded or empty or loaded with equally weighted samples. When loading only 3 tubes, they must be of equal weight.
Buckets can be placed around the rotor in any of the rotor loading configurations shown. Each bucket must be loaded symmetrically with tubes as above.
CARE AND PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
With proper care and maintenance, your centrifuge will provide years of laboratory service. For proper care, the following steps should be taken:
-
Always Spin Balanced Loads: Make certain that you are always spinning a balanced load, as shown in the previous section. These centrifuges have a unique counter balanced motor mounting design which produces excellent vibration dampening. However, out–of–balance loads may break glass test tubes and may produce unsatisfactory separation results. Proper load balancing will improve sample separation and extend the life of the centrifuge.
-
Motor and Electrical Maintenance: The highest quality electrical components have been selected for the DASH Apex centrifuges and should not need maintenance or servicing for the life of the centrifuge.
-
Tube Holder Replacement: It is recommended that the tube holders be replaced after 24 months of use.
Inspect tube holders regularly for cracks. If cracks are discovered, replace immediately. -
Remove Accessories Before Moving: All tube holders, samples, and caps must be removed from the rotor chamber before transporting or storing the centrifuge to prevent damage and injury.
CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
To prolong the life of the centrifuge, cleaning and disinfection is recommended every six months or whenever there is a spillage or tube breakage. Contaminants must be removed immediately or corrosion and premature degradation of components can occur. Before using any cleaning or decontamination methods other than those recommended by the manufacturer, users should verify with the manufacturer that the proposed method will not damage the equipment.
-
Unplug the centrifuge before cleaning.
-
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
-
Apply cleaning solutions with a towel or cloth. Do not submerge the centrifuge in water or other cleaning solutions as this will cause damage and void the warranty.
-
ONLY isopropyl alcohol or a 10% (5500 PPM) bleach solution should be used to disinfect the centrifuge and its accessories.
-
All surfaces must be dried immediately after cleaning and disinfecting.
TBQ GERMICIDAL PRODUCTS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED AS THEY MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE CENTRIFUGE. REFRAIN FROM USING TO PREVENT VOIDING THE WARRANTY. -
Fully/partially halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, ethers, benzyls, ethyl benzenes, and all other chemicals not prescribed by the manufacturer shall not be used as they may cause damage to the rotor chamber, rotor, tube holders, accessories and centrifuge exterior and void the warranty.
TROUBLESHOOTING
NOTE: The latch must be turned completely clockwise to its stop position for the centrifuge to operate.
The centrifuge does not run| o Verify that the centrifuge is powered.
One of the LED lights should be on.
o Make sure the lid latch is turned completely clockwise to its stop position.
o If the centrifuge still does not run, contact Customer Service.
---|---
The rotor does not spin freely| ** o Make sure nothing has fallen into
the rotor chamber, following the procedure above.
o If nothing obstructs the rotor, the rotor may be damaged. Contact Customer
Service for further assistance.
The centrifuge makes a rattling noise when running| o Stop the
centrifuge. Open the lid.
o Wearing PPE, remove tubes and tube holders/buckets and look for fallen
objects or debris. Carefully reach inside the rotor chamber with a tool to
remove them.
o Inspect the rotor, tube holders or buckets for damage.
o If the tube holders or buckets have any damage, even slight, safely dispose
of them and replace them.
o If the rotor appears damaged, contact Customer Service for further
assistance.
Excessive noise or vibration when the centrifuge is running| ** o
Verify that all four centrifuge feet are properly seated on a flat surface.
o Ensure that the load is balanced according to instructions in the “Balancing
Loads” section of this manual.
o Make sure that nothing has fallen into the rotor chamber.
The centrifuge stops and beeps continuously| ** The load is not
balanced. Press the UNLOCK button, open the lid, and balance the load as
recommended elsewhere in this manual.
The cycle time and speed are not set to the desired value| Check the
setting by following the instructions in the section on Changing Cycle
Settings. If the preset is not the desired length, follow the procedure on the
same page to change the run preset time.
The centrifuge does not unlock after a run is completed**| o Wait until
the rotor has come to a complete stop. If the lid knob still cannot be
rotated, press the UNLOCK button and try again.
o If no LED light is on, the unit is not powered and the lid will not unlock
by conventional means. Remove the latch label and use a pen to manually
disengage the locking mechanism. Pull the mechanism towards the control panel
and then unlatch and open the lid.
o If the unit is damaged, contact your authorized dealer or Drucker
Diagnostics.
---|---
The lid does not open| o Ensure that the lid knob is turned fully
counterclockwise.
o If the knob cannot be turned counterclockwise, turn it fully clockwise,
press UNLOCK, and turn counterclockwise.
o If the lid remains locked after this and will not unlock, the electronics
may have been damaged. Contact customer service for assistance.
Clicking noise during braking gets loud| o Make sure that the screw in
the center of the rotor is tight.
Lid does not stay up| o Tighten the center screw on the lid hinge.
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
The rotor and accessories are rated for the maximum rotation frequency shown in the table below.
Apex 6 | Tube Capacity | 6 tubes – 3 to 10 mL |
---|---|---|
Radius with included accessories | 5 in (12.7 cm) | |
Dimensions (Height x Width x Depth) | 8 in x 11 in x 13 in (20 cm x 28 cm x 34 |
cm)
Weight| 12 lbs. (5.4 kg)
Noise Level| 61 dB
Environmental Range| 16 – 32 0C
Voltage| 100 – 240 VAC
Frequency| 50/60 Hz
Power Requirement| 225 Watts
Centrifuge Motor| ½ H.P. Brushless DC
Maximum Speed| 5,300 RPM
Cycle Time| 1 to 30 minutes (+/- 2%)
Apex 12| Tube Capacity| 12 tubes – 3 to 10 mL
---|---|---
Radius with included accessories| 5.25 in (13.3 cm)
Dimensions (Height x Width x Depth)| 9 in x 12.5 in x 14.75 in (23 cm x 32 cm
x 37 cm)
Weight| 34 lbs. (15 kg)
Noise Level| 61 dB
Environmental Range| 16 – 32 0C
Voltage| 100 – 240 VAC
Frequency| 50/60 Hz
Power Requirement| 415 Watts
Centrifuge Motor| ½ H.P. Brushless DC
Maximum Speed| 5,200 RPM
Cycle Time| 1 to 30 minutes (+/- 2%)
Apex 24| Tube Capacity| 24 tubes – 3 to 10 mL
---|---|---
Radius with included accessories| 6 in (15.3 cm)
Dimensions (Height x Width x Depth)| 9 in x 14.5 in x 17 in (23 cm x 37 cm x
43 cm)
Weight| 39 lbs. (17 kg)
Noise Level| 64 dB
Environmental Range| 16 – 32 0C
Voltage| 95 – 253 VAC
Frequency| 50/60 Hz
Power Requirement| 220 Watts
Centrifuge Motor| ½ H.P. Brushless DC
Maximum Speed| 4,300 RPM
Cycle Time| 1 to 30 minutes (+/- 2%)
Use only with approved accessories from the original manufacturer. A complete list of accessories is available at www.DruckerDiagnostics.com.
CALCULATING THE G-FORCE
The I.F.U.s of tube manufacturers recommend cycles at a minimum G-Force. For
included accessories, a conversion table is shown below.
For other tube holders, the G-Force can be calculated if you know the RPM and
the radius:
In Centimeters:
RCF or G-force = 0.00001118 x Rotor Radius (cm) x (RPM)²| In Inches:
RCF or G-force = 0.0000284 x Rotor Radius (in) x (RPM)²
---|---
| APEX 6| APEX 12| APEX 24
---|---|---|---
| Radius| Radius| Radius
| 5.0 in| 5.25 in| 6.0 in
| 12.7 cm| 13.3 cm| 15.3 com
RPM| G-Force| G-Force| G-Force
1000| 140| 150| 170
1100| 170| 180| 210
1200| 200| 210| 250
1300| 240| 250| 290
1400| 280| 290| 330
1500| 320| 340| 380
1600| 360| 380| 450
1700| 400| 450| 500
1800| 450| 500| 550
1900| 500| 550| 600
2000| 600| 600| 700
2100| 650| 650| 750
2200| 700| 700| 800
2300| 750| 800| 900
2400| 800| 850| 1000
2500| 900| 900| 1050
2600| 950| 1000| 1150
2700| 1050| 1100| 1250
2800| 1100| 1200| 1350
2900| 1200| 1250| 1400
3000| 1300| 1350| 1500
3100| 1350| 1400| 1650
3200| 1450| 1500| 1750
| APEX 6| APEX 12| APEX 24
---|---|---|---
| Radius| Radius| Radius
| 5.0 in| 5.25 in| 6.0 in
| 12.7 cm| 13.3 cm| 15.3 com
RPM| G-Force| G-Force| G-Force
3300| 1550| 1600| 1850
3400| 1650| 1700| 2000
3500| 1750| 1800| 2100
3600| 1850| 1950| 2200
3700| 1950| 2050| 2300
3800| 2050| 2150| 2450
3900| 2150| 2300| 2600
4000| 2300| 2400| 2850
4100| 2400| 2500| 2900
4200| 2500| 2600| 3000
4300| 2600| 2750| 3150
4400| 2750| 2900| N/A
4500| 2900| 3000| N/A
4600| 3000| 3150| N/A
4700| 3150| 3300| N/A
4800| 3300| 3450| N/A
4900| 3400| 3600| N/A
5000| 3550| 3750| N/A
5100| 3700| 3900| N/A
5200| 3850| 4000| N/A
5300| 4000| N/A| N/A
REPLACEMENT PARTS
DASH APEX 6
Part No. | Description |
---|---|
7724037 | Foot, rubber |
02-002-1-0028 | Lid Tray Assembly |
02-001-0-0011 | Rotor Assembly, Dash Apex 6 |
02-005-1-0010 | Motor Assembly |
02-006-0-0011 | PC Board |
7760006 | Power cord |
03-1-0005-0192 | Internal Power Supply |
02-002-1-0027 | Lid Assembly |
7724071 | Hinge, friction |
02-002-1-0056 | Seal, lid gasket |
03-0-0003-0313 | Open/Close Label |
03-1-0007-0046 | 75/100mm Tube Holder, Black |
02-002-1-0026 | Lid LED Assembly, Green |
03-1-0001-0090 | Button Cover No Emboss |
03-1-0001-0089 | Button Cover Embossed |
03-1-0002-0099 | Button Protector |
DASH APEX 12
Part No. | Description |
---|---|
7724177 | Foot, rubber |
02-006-1-0044 | Locking Lid Tray Assembly, 11” |
02-001-0-0009 | 12-Place Rotor, Horizontal |
02-005-1-0012 | Motor Assembly |
02-006-0-0011 | PC Board |
7760006 | Power cord |
03-1-0005-0193 | Power Supply |
02-002-1-0041 | Lid Assembly |
7724071 | Hinge, friction |
02-002-1-0057 | Seal, lid gasket |
03-0-0003-0313 | Open/Close Label |
03-1-0007-0046 | 75/100mm Tube Holder, Black |
03-1-0001-0090 | Button Cover No Emboss |
03-1-0001-0089 | Button Cover Embossed |
03-1-0002-0099 | Button Protector |
00-100-100-005 | Replacement Grommet & Bushing Kit |
DASH APEX 24
Part No. | Description |
---|---|
7728052 | Foot, rubber |
02-006-1-0044 | Locking Lid Tray Assembly, 11” |
02-001-0-0008 | 24-Place Rotor, Horizontal |
02-005-1-0012 | Motor Assembly |
02-006-0-0011 | PC Board |
7760006 | Power cord |
03-1-0005-0193 | Power Supply |
02-002-1-0037 | Lid Assembly |
7724071 | Hinge, friction |
02-002-1-0058 | Seal, lid gasket |
03-0-0003-0313 | Open/Close Label |
02-004-0-0012 | 4 Place Carrier, Carbon Fiber |
03-1-0001-0090 | Button Cover No Emboss |
03-1-0001-0089 | Button Cover Embossed |
03-1-0002-0099 | Button Protector |
00-100-100-005 | Replacement Grommet & Bushing Kit |
Product Family: DASH Apex Series (Apex 6, Apex 12, Apex 24)
Complies with UL61010-1/CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1 and IEC61010-2-020
Protected by U.S. Patents #6,811,531, #D718,463, & #D734,489. Other Patents
Pending
FDA LISTED
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF WEEE BY USERS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
This product must not be disposed of with other waste. Instead, it is the
user’s responsibility to dispose of their waste equipment by handing it over
to a designated collection point for the recycling of waste electrical and
electronic equipment. The separate collection and recycling of your waste
equipment at the time of disposal will help to conserve natural resources and
ensure that it is recycled in a manner that protects human health and the
environment. For more information about where you can drop off your waste
equipment for recycling, please contact your local city office, waste disposal
service, or where you purchased the product.
200 SHADY LANE, SUITE 170 – PHILIPSBURG, PA 16866, USA
+1-866-265-1486 (U.S. ONLY) –
+1-814-692-7661
CUSTOMERSERVICE@DRUCKERDIAGNOSTICS.COM
DRUCKERDIAGNOSTICS.COM
ISO 13485 certified
This operator’s manual is part number
03-0-0002-0120 Rev.
References
- Clinical Centrifuges & Hematology Instruments | Drucker Diagnostics
- Clinical Centrifuges & Hematology Instruments | Drucker Diagnostics
Read User Manual Online (PDF format)
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