BigBattery 48VHUSKY2 2 KIT Lithium Ion Batteries User Manual

September 28, 2024
BigBattery

48VHUSKY2 2 KIT Lithium Ion Batteries

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Specifications

SKU| System Voltage| Nominal Voltage| Chemistry| kWh Capacity| Ah Capacity| Charging Voltage Range| Max Charge Voltage| Operating Voltage Range| Suggested Low Voltage Cutoff| BMS Cutoff Range| Cell Configuration| Max Cont. Discharge Current| Max Continuous Power| Max Discharge Peak Current| Max Charge Current| Charge Temperature Range| Discharge Temperature Range| Optimal Discharge Temp. Range| Storage Temp. Range (SOC >50%)| Dimensions (DxWxH)| Weight| Max Connections| Protection Rating| Communications| Heating Function
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
FHSKY-48051-G2| 48V| 51.2V| LiFePO4| 5.12 kWh| 100 Ah| 55.6V – 57V| 58.8V| 48V – 57V| 48V – 50.8V| 42V – 47V| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Product Usage Instructions

Safety Instructions:

Before installation, read and follow all safety instructions
provided in the manual.

Installation:

  1. Ensure the battery is turned off before handling to prevent
    accidental contact with live terminals.

  2. Verify that no voltage is present.

  3. Follow the installation guidelines provided in the manual for
    proper setup.

Battery Monitoring:

You can monitor the battery’s capacity using the State of Charge
meter or check its health and performance through the bluetooth
BigBattery app on your phone.

Maintenance:

Regularly check the battery’s condition and performance to
ensure optimal functionality.

FAQ

Q: Can the HUSKY 2 battery be expanded?

A: Yes, the HUSKY 2 battery can be expanded up to 80kWh when
connecting in parallel.

Q: What applications is the HUSKY 2 battery suitable for?

A: The HUSKY 2 battery is ideal for low-voltage applications
such as golf carts, RVs, off-grid power systems, and emergency
power supplies.

Q: How can I contact support for further assistance?

A: You can email us at Support@BigBattery.com or call us at
818-280-3091 for further assistance.

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48V HUSKY 2 USER MANUAL
© 2024 BIGBATTERY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED VERSION 1.3 | INFORMATION SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE SCAN QR CODE TO VIEW LATEST VERSION MODEL SKUS: FHSKY-48051-G2

Version 1.1 1.2 1.3

VERSION HISTORY

Date 12/26/2023 2/29/2024
9/4/2024

Chapters All 5.2 All

Reason For Change Manual development
Spec updates Formatting updates

Need Further Assistance?

Email Us @ Support@BigBattery.com or Call Us @ 818-280-3091

1

Table of Contents
1. Definition of Terms 2. Safety Instructions 3. Introduction
3.1 Product Description 3.2 Features & Applications 4. Packed Components 5. Product Specifications 5.1 Battery Overview 5.2 Battery Specifications 5.3 Battery Diagram 5.4 Battery Communication Ports 5.5 Battery LED Indicators 6. Installation 6.1 Installation Safety Guidelines 6.2 Battery Installation 7. Battery Commissioning 7.1 Battery Configuration 8. Battery Operation Guide 8.1 Charging 8.2 Discharging 8.3 State of Charge 8.4 Storage 8.5 Extending Battery Life 9. Service 9.1 Toubleshooting 9.2 Maintenance 10. Recycling 11. Warranty & Returns

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2

1. Definition of Terms
· AWG – American Wire Gauge · A – Amp(s) · Ah – Amp-hour(s) · AC – Alternating Current · Battery Module – Single battery · Battery System – Two or more battery modules connected to a control box · BMS – Battery Management System · Capacity – Measure of stored energy, typically in Ah or mAh · Control Box – Master BMS unit · Cell Balancing – Process of ensuring uniform charging among battery cells · Cycle Life – Total charge-discharge cycles before capacity decline · C-rating – Charging/discharging rate relative to battery capacity · DC – Direct Current · DoD – Depth of Discharge · ESS – Energy Storage System · kW – Kilowatt · kWh – Kilowatt-hour · LFP – Lithium Iron Phosphate, or LiFePO4 · mm – Millimeter(s) · mV – Millivolt(s) · Overcharge – Charging beyond recommended voltage limits · PPE – Personal Protective Equipment · PV – Photovoltaic · Self-Discharge – Natural battery discharge over time · State of Charge (SoC) – Battery’s remaining charge as a percentage · State of Health (SoH) – Overall battery condition and performance · Thermal Runaway – Dangerous overheating with potential battery damage · V – Volt(s)
3

2. Safety Instructions
Note: Read and follow all safety instructions for handling the battery prior to installation.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are an inherently safe chemistry. However, safety measures should always be taken into consideration before, during, and after installation and during ongoing use and maintenance. The following safety notices are crucial for both the installer and end users when operating this product normally.
Improper installation could result in harm to the installer, the operator, or others, as well as damage to the battery or connected equipment.
WARNINGS:
· Do not make any connections or disconnections to the system when the batteries are in operation. Working with active batteries can lead to system component damage or pose a risk of electrical shock.
· Do not charge with a charge voltage above that specified in Section 5.2. · Do not charge nor discharge battery when ambient temperature is above 55°C
(131°F). · Do not install battery where it may contact conductive materials, water, seawater,
strong oxidizers, or strong acids. · Do not install battery in a location exposed to direct sun, hot surfaces, or hot loca-
tions. Do not install batteries in a tight clearance compartment, as overheating may result. · Keep any flammable/combustible material (e.g. paper, cloth, plastic, etc.) that may be ignited by heat, sparks, flames, or any other heat source at a minimum distance of two feet away from the batteries. · Disconnect batteries immediately if, during operation or charging, they emit an unusual smell, develop heat, or behave abnormally. · Have a Class ABC or Class BC fire extinguisher on the premises. · Never short-circuit DC inputs. This may result in a risk of electric shock or fire. · Do not disassemble the battery. Contact BigBattery for proper handling instructions. Incorrect servicing or re-assembly may result in a risk of electric shock, fire, or voiding of the warranty.
4

PRECAUTIONS:
· Qualified personnel must handle all product work to reduce risk of electric shock. · Follow local and national electrical standards for installation and confirm utility
provider and local authority requirements before grid connection. · Maintain visibility of warning labels and nameplates. · Choose battery placement with future user safety in mind. · Keep children away from the battery and systems. · Use team lifting techniques due to battery weight. · Use batteries as directed. Do not open or modify. · Avoid inserting foreign objects into battery terminals. · Handle batteries and/or battery-powered devices cautiously when using metal
tools or when around the system. Risk of electrical arcs or short-circuits can cause serious harm, death, and equipment damage. · Do not charge or discharge the battery if ambient temperature is below -20°C (-4°F). · Beware of the battery current. Ensure that the battery is “off” before installing or working on the battery. Use a voltmeter to confirm there is no voltage present. · Always wear protective gear (PPE) when handling batteries. · Handle batteries carefully to prevent damage. Avoid pulling, dragging, or mishandling. · Inspect batteries before use. Don’t use damaged or swollen batteries. Contact BigBattery immediately if damage or swelling is present. · Don’t paint any part of the batteries, inside or out. · Make sure all cable connections are properly tightened and secured, in order to prevent any accident caused by improper installation. · Install and remove batteries using the handles provided. · Do not place any objects on top of batteries. · Before storing battery for more than 6 months, fully charge the battery and disconnect batteries from your system.
5

3. Introduction
Introducing BigBattery’s 48V HUSKY 2! These revolutionary lithium batteries, designed to push the boundaries of efficiency, flexibility, and reliability in energy management, are the best batteries money can buy. The 48V HUSKY 2 represents a leap forward in energy storage technology, offering a compact and scalable solution for mobile, industrial, and off-grid applications. With its cutting-edge features and intelligent design, this advanced lithium battery promises to empower individuals and organizations to take control of their energy usage like never before. Equipped with one of our HUSKY 2 battery systems from BigBattery, you’ll stay powered and prepared!
This User Manual is designed to provide you with an understanding of the specs, features, capabilities, and installation of these batteries. Read and take note of all safety information prior to installing or operating your battery. This document applies to 48V HUSKY 2 (FHSKY-48051-G2) battery systems.
3.1 Product Description
The 48V 5.12kWh HUSKY 2 battery is ideal for low-voltage applications such as your golf carts, RVs, off-grid power systems, emergency power supplies, and more. Each single battery module is 5.12kWh and it can be expanded up to 80kWh when connecting in parallel. These batteries utilize lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, or LFP) cells, renowned for their top-notch safety.
They are water resistant and equipped with an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS) that continuously monitors and records cell voltage, along with real-time data on current, voltage, and temperature of the module. The BMS features a passive balancing function and an advanced battery control method, which collectively enhance battery pack performance. Furthermore, the battery includes built-in fire-extinguishing modules for added safety. Plus, it has internal heating pads so the battery can be charged in freezing environments and temperatures.The battery utilizes a standard M8 bolt connection, which easily and safely secures power to your battery unit. Designed to endure, the HUSKY 2 has a lifespan of over 10 years and is engineered to withstand more than 4000 – 6000 cycles at 80% Depth of Discharge (DOD) at a rate of 0.5C.
Keep in mind, you can always monitor the battery’s capacity with the State of Charge meter or check the battery’s health and performance from your phone with the bluetooth BigBattery app, which will display information of the condition of your battery.
6

3.2 Features & Applications

Applications:
· Golf Carts · Utility Carts · 48V UTVs & LSVs · Tiny Homes · Family Homes · Cabins · Homesteads · Off-Grid Systems · Solar Systems
Features:
· Advanced BMS with automatic cell balancing
· Lithium-ion chemistry (LiFePO4/LFP) · Simple connection to a larger power
system · Expandable system with easy parallel
connections · Multiple layers of safety and battery
protections · Internal self-heating system · Built-in fire suppression system · Impact & vibration resistant

· Emergency Backup · Class A, B, & C RVs · Camper Vans · Tow-Behind Trailers · Sailboats & Yachts · Scissor Lifts · Pallet Jacks · Light Towers & Digital Signs · Industrial Equipment
· IP65 protection rating · Good insulation performance · Durable ABS construction · Standardized M8 bolt terminals for
cable connections · CANBus & RS485 parallel
communications · LED SoC meter · RJ-45 ports · Mobile monitoring app

7

4. Packed Components
Included In Box

(x2) Battery Handles

(x1) Ring Terminal Covers

Add-Ons

(x1) 48V 5.12kWh HUSKY 2 (FHSKY-48051-G2)

(x1) SoC Battery Meter (MTR108)

5. Product Specifications 5.1 Battery Overview

(x1) 4AWG +/- Ring Terminal Cables [3 ft.] (CBL015)

Figure 1: HUSKY 2 Battery Overview
Before handling, turn off the battery & verify that no voltage is present in order to prevent accidental contact with live terminals, as this could lead to severe injury or fatality.
8

5.2 Battery Specs
SKU System Voltage Nominal Voltage
Chemistry kWh Capacity
Ah Capacity Charging Voltage Range
Max Charge Voltage Operating Voltage Range Suggested Low Voltage Cutoff
BMS Cutoff Range Cell Configuration Max Cont. Discharge Current Max Continuous Power Max Discharge Peak Current Max Charge Current Charge Temperature Range Discharge Temperature Range Optimal Discharge Temp. Range Storage Temp. Range (SOC >50%) Dimensions (DxWxH)
Weight Max Connections Protection Rating Communications Heating Function

FHSKY-48051-G2 48V 51.2V
LiFePO4 5.12 kWh
100 55.6V – 57V
58.8V 48V – 57V 48V – 50.8V 42V – 47V
16S 100A 5120W 150A (Max 5 sec.) 100A -4ºF – 113ºF (-20ºC – 45ºC) -4ºF – 122ºF (-20ºC – 50ºC) 59ºF – 95ºF (15ºC – 35ºC) -4ºF – 122ºF (-20ºC – 50ºC) (Max 6 months) 12.6 x 18.1 x 9.8 in (320 x 460 x 247 mm) 100 lbs (45.4 kg) Up to (16) Parallel IP65 CANBus / RS485 Yes

9

5.3 Battery Diagram

Item 1 2
3
4 5 6 7

Figure 2: HUSKY 2 Battery Diagram

Name BATBAT+

Description Negative battery terminal Positive battery terminal

SoC

LED state of charge indicators

Alarm On
RS485/CAN On/Off Button

LED alarm indicator LED on/operating indicator RJ-45 communication port
Switches BMS on/off

Details M8 screw M8 screw 4 LEDs on = 100% 3 LEDs on = 75% 2 LEDs on = 50% 1 LEDs on = 25%
RS485/CANBus

10

5.4 Battery Communication Ports

Pin

Details

Pin

Details

1

CAN-H

5

WARK

2

CAN-L

6

12V

3

GND

7

RS485 A+ (T/R+)

4

LIN

8

RS485 B- (T/R-)

Note: Both RJ-45 communication ports can use RS485 or CANBus protocols for parallel communications.
5.5 Battery LED Indicators

Status

Operation

Shutdown / Sleep

Standby

Normal

Normal

Charge

Alarm End-Off Voltage

Over Temperature / Over Current Protection

Normal

Discharge

Alarm End-Off Voltage

Over Temperature / Over Current Protection

On Off On Flash 1 Flash 1 On
Off
Flash 2 Flash 2
Off
Off

Alarm Off Off Off Off Off
On
Off Off On
On

SoC

Details

Off

Flash 1 Off: 1 second On: 1 second

4 LEDs on = 100% 3 LEDs on = 75% 2 LEDs on = 50% 1 LEDs on = 25%

Flash 2 Off: 0.5 seconds On: 0.5 seconds

11

6. Installation
· WARNING: Before installing, make sure to review all warnings and precautions in Section 2, as well as the installation safety guidelines in Section 6.1 below.
6.1 Installation Safety Guidelines
· Inspect batteries upon receipt for any signs of damage before use. In case of battery damage, reach out to BigBattery for repair or replacement. Avoid using a defective battery as it may result in incorrect battery voltage that could potentially ruin your appliances. Damaged batteries have the potential to cause fire hazards.
· Check to ensure that all cables are in good condition. · Be sure your battery packs are powered “OFF” before making/removing any con-
nections. · It is crucial to never create a short circuit on the external battery terminals. When
installing the battery, ensure that each cable is properly connected to the correct terminal. There should be no conductive material between the terminals that could cause a short circuit. · Use a screwdriver with a rubber coated handle. · Do not put the HUSKY 2 batteries in series. The BMS and internal components are not designed to handle this setup, which could cause the modules to fail. · Always mount the battery in an upright position.
6.2 Battery Installation
1. Place the battery on a flat floor or shelf. 2. The L-shaped metal brackets on the case can be removed and used to securely
mount the battery to the floor with an electric drill. If the battery is placed on its side, the metal brackets can be used to securely mount the battery to the wall with an electric drill, as shown in Figure 3 on the following page.
12

Figure 3: HUSKY 2 Mounting Installation 3. When connecting several batteries in parallel, you can use the flat metal plates on
the sides of the case as connectors, and secure the batteries together using an electric wrench, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: HUSKY 2 Parallel Mounting Installation 4. When using a single battery, connect it directly to the SoC Meter using Address No.
1. If there are multiple batteries in parallel, designate battery No.1 as the master, connecting it to the SoC Meter. The remaining slave batteries should interconnect their communication ports in a daisy chain sequence using a communication network cable (UTP), as shown in Figure 5 on the following page. It’s essential to ensure that the addresses of the slave batteries are distinct from one another.
13

Figure 5: HUSKY 2 Communication Cable Connection Diagram 5. Connect the batteries in parallel using the 4AWG +/- Ring Terminal Cables. Ensure
that all positive terminals are connected to each other, and all negative terminals are connected to each other, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: HUSKY 2 Power Cable Connection Diagram 14

6. Connect the batteries’ remaining positive and negative terminals to the main positive and negative terminals on your system or vehicle.
7. Battery Commissioning
In order for the batteries to communicate with each other, they need to have their ID addresses set using the mobile monitoring app.
7.1 Battery Configuration
1. Search for BatteryMonitorBL in the Apple App Store or in the Google Play Store and download it, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: App Store & Play Store Download 2. Open the BatteryMonitorBL app and turn on the HUSKY 2 battery. 3. Connect the HUSKY 2 battery and the BatteryMonitorBL app using Bluetooth.
Search for the batteries and connect them according to the battery’s Bluetooth label (located on the left side of the battery). The app will then display the battery’s information, as shown in Figure 8 on the following page.
15

Figure 8: Connecting HUSKY 2 Batteries & Monitoring App 4. Select the ID address. Enter the ‘Settings’ interface. Click on ‘Module ID’ and select
the appropriate ID, as shown in Figure 9. The default selection is ID1. The master battery that connects to the meter must be set to ID1. The next battery in the daisy chain should be set to ID2, and so on. All batteries need to have a unique ID adress in order for them to properly communicate with each other. Reset the battery after any changes made in the app.
Figure 9: ID Address Configuration 16

8. Battery Operation Guide
· WARNING: Before installing, be sure to review all parameters listed in Section 5.2.
8.1 Charging
· During initial charging, monitor the battery’s charge voltage to ensure it is within appropriate voltage limits.
· Only use the battery charger provided by BigBattery, or the inverter charging settings listed in Section 5.2. Using non-recommended chargers may cause improper charging and damage the battery’s capacity.
· The battery can be charged in freezing temperatures (-20°C / -4°F) thanks to an automatic self-heating function. When charging is detected, heating will start until the battery temperature is above 0°C (32°F) and then charging will start.
· Use LiFePO4 batteries for “opportunity charging.” Charge them whenever you can with small amounts of energy, but do it with BigBattery chargers. It’s better to do this than using fast chargers. Fast charging can make the battery’s lifespan shorter.
· It is recommended to charge the battery when it has a minimum of 10% – 20% SoC. Deep discharging won’t harm the battery’s health, but the BMS requires some voltage to function properly.
· The bulk/absorb voltage of an LFP battery is the same as the charging voltage. BigBattery products do not need float voltage, equalize voltage, or absorption time.
8.2 Discharging
· The battery can be fully discharged. Unlike lead-acid batteries, the voltage of a lithium battery stays very constant during discharge, delivering the same amount of power and energy from 100% to 0% SoC.
· LFP batteries handle discharging down to 0% safely, but shallower cycles offer benefits. Staying above 20% SoC extends the battery’s lifespan to more than 6000 cycles.
· Do not discharge if the temperature is above 55°C (131°F). · You will see an apparent loss of capacity when discharging at below-freezing tem-
peratures that reverses when the battery temperature rises above freezing. · The BMS will automatically shut down when the battery reaches a low voltage, so
there’s no need for manual intervention. Avoid over discharging by removing the load when the battery’s discharge is done.
17

8.3 State of Charge
This is the Depth of Discharge curve of the HUSKY 2 batteries.
Cycling in this zone will ensure a reasonable life expectancy. Occasionally this zone is okay. Dropping into this zone can lock the battery and reduce lifespan.
8.4 Storage
· LFP batteries have an extremely low self-discharge rate, which makes long- term storage convenient. Storing a lithium battery for up to a year is not an issue, as long as it has some charge remaining before being placed in storage.
· Before storing lithium-ion batteries, charge them to at least 50% SoC. Do not store batteries that are fully discharged. In the case of a fully charged battery, it should be discharged to 80% SoC before it is stored.
· If you need to store batteries for longer periods, be sure to disconnect all wires from them. This ensures that there will not be any stray loads that slowly discharge the batteries.
· Make sure that you store the battery within the temperatures listed in Section 5.2. Storing them at lower temperatures is better than storage at higher temperatures. The electrolyte in LiFePO4 cells does not contain any water, so even when it freezes it does not expand, and does not damage the cells. Be sure to let the battery warm up before you start discharging it again, which is acceptable at -20°C (-4°F).
The table on the following page provides the storage temperature that the batteries should be stored at, as well as the charging intervals and methods to do so. 18

Storage Temperature Charging Interval

20ºC

Once / 9 months

20ºC ~ 30ºC

Once / 6 months

30ºC ~ 40ºC

Once / 3 months

Charging Method
56V 30A CC/CV Charging to 56V Cut-Off Current: 5A

Model 48V HUSKY 2

8.5 Extending Battery Life
The HUSKY 2 battery is designed for a lifespan of 10 years or more when used correctly. To ensure proper operation, adhere to the previously listed instructions and battery parameters. In order to extend the lifespan of the battery, follow the recommendations below.
· Avoid discharging the battery beyond an 80% Depth of Discharge (DoD) unless it is truly necessary.
· Keep the battery temperature under 35°C (95°F) and above 15°C (59°F). · Keep battery charge and discharge current under a 0.5 C-rating. · Never disassemble the battery, unless BigBattery Tech Support guides you. If the
battery has any problems, contact BigBattery for assistance. · Keep the battery away from excessive physical shocks or vibration. These can dam-
age the battery’s internal structure and hamper its operation. · Dirty battery terminals can lead to improper flow of current during operation. It is
recommended that you clean the terminals while installing the battery pack.
9. Service

9.1 Troubleshooting

No.

Error

Description

Solution

1

No DC output

Battery is off or low voltage Turn on or charge the battery

2

Power supply time is too short

Battery is not fully charged Fully charge the battery;

or capacity is reduced

Maintenance or replacement

Power system DC output Regulate DC output voltage

3 Battery can’t be charged fully voltage falls below the min- of power supply to suitable

imum charge voltage

battery charging voltage

4

Alarm LED is always ON

Power line connection short circuit

Disconnect the power cable and check all cables

19

5

Battery output voltage is unstable

BMS does not operate normally

Press the on/off button to restart the battery

6

Charge and discharge capacity is insufficient

Unbalanced cell voltages Examine/balance the cells

7

Unable to charge and discharge

BMS or cell/temperature sensor is damaged

Maintenance or replacement

8

Different SoC values of batteries in parallel

Normal occurence

No action needed

Charging or discharging cur-

9

Alarm LED is ON

Over current protection

rent is too high and needs to

be reduced

10

Alarm LED is ON

Over temperature protection

Turn off the battery and cool down the location however
possible

11

Alarm LED is ON

End-off voltage

Charge the battery

9.2 Maintenance

Item

Maintenance

Maintenance Intervals

Check whether there is mechanical damage to the
power cables and whether the terminal insulation sleeve has fallen off. If there is such an occurence, please turn off the battery and carry out maintenance or replacement.

Power Cables

Check whether the power cable is loose. If there is any sign of looseness, please use a standard torque wrench to tighten it.
Check the system for loose screws or discoloration of the copper bus bar. If the screws are loose, tighten them with a standard torque wrench. If the copper bus bar is discolored, contact the manufacturer for replacement.

Once every 6 months

Communication Cables

Check whether the parallel communication cable terminal is loose. If it is loose, tighten it.
Check whether the communication cable has obvious discoloration. If discolored, shut down the battery and replace the communication cable.

Once a year

Cabinet

Check the cleanliness of the front door, back door, and battery module inside the cabinet. If there is obvious dust, clean up in a timely manner.

Once every 6 – 12 months

20

System Running Status
Charge & Discharge Maintenance

Check if all parameters are normal when the system is running (voltage, current, temperature, etc.).
Check whether the primary components of the system are normal, including system switches, contactors, etc.
Check whether the system air inlet, outlet, and air ducts are normal. If there is blockage and congestion, clean up in a timely manner.
Use a light load and shallow charging/discharging to check whether the SoC and SoH status of the battery is normal (using the monitoring app). It is recommended that the depth of discharge and charge/discharge power should not exceed 20% of the rated value.

Once every 6 months Once every 6 months

10. Recycling
Lithium iron phosphate batteries are potentially dangerous and shouldn’t be tossed in the trash. Many websites and organizations can recycle them for free. If you’re in the U.S. or anywhere globally, search for “Lithium Battery Disposal Near Me” online. Numerous places can safely dispose of these batteries. Make sure to call first to confirm they’re open.
If you can’t find a safe disposal option, contact the BigBattery Customer Service team instead of improperly disposing of the battery. BigBattery can take care of recycling your batteries for you.
11. Warranty & Returns
In the unlikely event you are having an issue with one of our batteries, we have developed a straightforward Warranty & Return Policy which is detailed in the following link: https://bigbattery.com/policies/
For more information and support, please visit our website or reach us at:
BigBattery, Inc. Technical Support Team Support@BigBattery.com 818-280-3091, Ext. 1005
21314 Lassen St. Chatsworth, California 91311

21

NOTES































References

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