SEAGATE ST18000NM004J 18 TB Hard Drive User Manual

X18 SAS Product Manual

512E models
Standard| 512E models
Self-Encrypting| *512E models
SED-FIPS 140-3**
---|---|---
ST18000NM004J| ST18000NM005J| ST18000NM007J
ST16000NM004J| ST16000NM005J| ST16000NM007J
ST14000NM004J| ST14000NM005J| ST14000NM007J
ST12000NM004J| ST12000NM005J| ST12000NM007J
ST10000NM013G| ST10000NM014G| ST10000NM016G

• Default configuration is 512E for 512E / 4KN drives.
  See Section 4.1.2 to Fast Format to 4KN in seconds
  100865853, Rev. H
  May 2023

Document Revision History

Revision| Date| Pages affected and Description of changes
---|---|---
Rev. A| 08/06/2020| Initial release.
Rev. B| 12/16/2020| fc,6 & 49: Added 14TB & 12TB models
10: Corrected 18TB LBA & Added 14TB & 12TB LBA counts 11: Corrected 16TB densities
12: Added 14TB & 12TB drive characteristics columns 12: Added 14TB & 12TB format execution times
12: Updated Section 4.1 for 14TB & 12TB 13: Removed 16TB SDR line
25-27: Added 16TB, 14TB & 12TB DC power tables 26: Corrected 14TB power table
31-33: Added IOPs charts for 16TB, 14TB & 12TB 37: Added 14TB & 12TB weight
Rev. C| 01/12/2020| 12: Updated 12TB head count to 12. 35: Revised Op shock to = 50g typical
Rev. D| 03/01/2020| fc & 6: Updated FIPS to 140.3
Rev. E| 05/07/2021| fc, 6, 11-12, 28, 35, 39 & 54: Added 10TB models & specification
Rev. F| 05/27/2021| fc, 6 & 54: Corrected 18TB FIPS model number.
Rev. G| 11/15/2022| fc, 6 & 54: Changed 18TB FIPS model number to ST18000NM007J.
Rev. H| 05/16/2023| 7: Updated Section 2.0 HDD and SSD Regulatory Compliance and Safety 42: Added Section 8.0 About FIPS

For Seagate Product Support, visit: www.seagate.com/support
For Seagate Compliance, Safety, and Disposal, visit: www.seagate.com/support
For Firmware Download and Tools Download for Secure Erase, visit: www.seagate.com/support/downloads/
For information regarding online support and services, visit: www.seagate.com/contacts/
For information regarding Warranty Support, visit: www.seagate.com/support /warranty-and-replacements/
For information regarding data recovery services, visit: www.seagate.com /services-software/recover/
For Seagate OEM and Distribution partner and Seagate reseller portal, visit: www.seagate.com/partners

Scope

This manual describes Seagate® Exos® X18 SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) disk drives.
Exos X18 drives support the SAS Protocol specifications to the extent described in this manual. The SAS Interface Manual (part number 100293071)
describes the general SAS characteristics of this and other Seagate SAS drives.
Product data communicated in this manual is specific only to the model numbers listed in this manual. The data listed in this manual may not be predictive of future generation specifications or requirements. If designing a system which will use one of the  models listed or future generation products and need further assistance, please contact the Field Applications Engineer (FAE) or our global support services group as shown in “Seagate® Technology Support Services” on page 5.
Unless otherwise stated, the information in this manual applies to standard and Self-Encrypting Drive models.

ST10000NM013G
Self-Encrypting Drive (SED)| ST18000NM005J, ST16000NM005J, ST14000NM005J, ST12000NM005J, ST10000NM014G
SED-FIPS 140-3| ST18000NM007J, ST16000NM007J, ST14000NM007J, ST12000NM007J, ST10000NM016G

Note
The Self-Encrypting Drive models indicated on the cover of this product manual have provisions for “Security of Data at Rest” based on the standards defined by the Trusted Computing Group (see www.trustedcomputinggroup.org).

HDD and SSD Regulatory Compliance and Safety

For the latest regulatory and compliance information see: www.seagate.com/support scroll to the Compliance, Safety and Disposal Guide link.
2.0.1 Regulatory Models
The following regulatory model number represent all features and configurations within the series:
Regulatory Model Numbers: STL015
2.1 Reference documents
SAS Interface Manual
Seagate part number: 100293071
SCSI Commands Reference Manual
Seagate part number: 100293068
Self-Encrypting Drives Reference Manual
Seagate part number: 100515636

ANSI SAS Documents

ANSI Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Documents
INCITS 515
SCSI Architecture Model (SAM-5) Rev. 11
Trusted Computing Group (TCG) Documents (apply to Self-Encrypting Drive models only)
TCG Storage Architecture Core Specification, Rev. 1.0
TCG Storage Security Subsystem Class Enterprise Specification, Rev. 1.0
Specification for Acoustic Test Requirement and Procedures
Seagate part number: 30553-001
In case of conflict between this document and any referenced document, this document takes precedence.

General description

Exos X18 drives provide high performance, high capacity data storage for a variety of systems including engineering workstations, network servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The Serial Attached SCSI interface is designed to meet next-generation  computing demands for performance, scalability, flexibility and high-density storage requirements.
Exos X18 drives are random access storage devices designed to support the Serial Attached SCSI Protocol as described in the ANSI specifications, this document, and the SAS Interface Manual (part number 100293071) which describes the general interface  characteristics of this drive. Exos X18 drives are classified as intelligent peripherals and provide level 2 conformance (highest level) with the ANSI SCSI-1 standard. The SAS connectors, cables and electrical interface are compatible with Serial ATA (SATA), giving  future users the choice of populating their systems with either SAS or SATA hard disk drives. This allows users to continue to leverage existing investment in SCSI while gaining a 12Gb/s serial data transfer rate.
The Self-Encrypting Drive models indicated on the cover of this product manual have provisions for “Security of Data at Rest” based on the standards defined by the Trusted Computing Group
(see www.trustedcomputinggroup.org).
The head and disk assembly (HDA) is sealed at the factory. Helium recirculates within the HDA through a non-replaceable filter to maintain a contamination- free HDA environment.

Note
Never disassemble the HDA and do not attempt to service items in the sealed enclosure (heads, media, actuator, etc.) as this requires special facilities. The drive does not contain userreplaceable parts.
Opening the HDA for any reason voids the product warranty.
An automatic shipping lock prevents potential damage to the heads and discs that results from movement during shipping and handling. The shipping lock disengages and the head load process begins when power is applied to the drive.
Exos X18 drives decode track 0 location data from the servo data embedded on each surface to eliminate mechanical transducer adjustments and related reliability concerns.
The drives also use a high-performance actuator assembly with a low-inertia, balanced, patented, straight arm design that provides excellent performance with minimal power dissipation.

Note
Seagate recommends validating the configuration with the selected HBA/RAID controller manufacturer to ensure use of full capacity is supported.

3.1 Standard features

Exos X18 drives have the following standard features:

• 128 – deep task set (queue)
• 256MB data buffer (See Section 4.4) .
• 3.0 / 6.0/12.0 Gb Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) interface
• Drive Self Test (DST)
• Embedded servo design
• Firmware downloadable using the SAS interface
• Flawed logical block reallocation at format time
• Idle Read After Write (IRAW)
• Industry standard SFF 3.5-in dimensions
• Integrated dual port SAS controller supporting the SCSI protocol
• Jumperless configuration.
• No preventive maintenance or adjustments required
• Perpendicular recording technology
• Power Balance supported (see Section 6.2 on page 23)
• Power Save
• Programmable auto write and read reallocation
• Programmable logical block reallocation scheme
• Reallocation of defects on command (Post Format)
• SAS Power Disable
• Self diagnostics performed when power is applied to the drive
• Support for SAS expanders and fanout adapters
• upports up to 32 initiators
• T10 Fast Format supported (see Section 4.1.2)
• User-selectable logical block sizes for 4096 native models (4096, 4160 or 4224 bytes per logical block)
• User-selectable logical block sizes for 512E (512, 520 or 528 bytes per logical block).
• Vertical, horizontal, or top down mounting

Seagate Exos X18 SAS Self-Encrypting Drive models have the following additional features:

• 32 Independent data bands
• Authenticated firmware download
• Automatic data encryption/decryption
• Controlled access
• Cryptographic erase of user data for a drive that will be repurposed or scrapped
• Drive locking
• Random number generator

3.2 Performance

• 1200MB/s maximum instantaneous data transfers.
• 7200 RPM spindle. Average latency = 4.16ms
• Adaptive seek velocity; improved seek performance
• Background processing of queue
• Programmable multi-segmentable cache buffer
• Supports start and stop commands (spindle stops spinning).

Note
There is no significant performance difference between Self-Encrypting Drive and standard (non-Self-Encrypting Drive) models.

3.3 Reliability

• 5-year warranty
• Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) of 0.35%
• Balanced low mass rotary voice coil actuator
• Incorporates industry-standard Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.)
• Mean time between failures (MTBF) of 2,500,000 hours

3.4 Media description
The media used on the drive has a glass substrate coated with a thin film magnetic material, overcoated with a proprietary protective layer for improved durability and environmental protection.
3.5 Formatted capacities
Standard OEM models are formatted to 512 bytes per block for 512 emulation drives and 4096 bytes per block for 4096 native drives. The block size is selectable at format time. Supported block sizes are 512, 520 and 528 for 512 emulation drives and 4096, 4160  and 4224 for 4096 native drives. Users having the necessary equipment may modify the data block size before issuing a format command and obtain different formatted capacities than those listed.
To provide a stable target capacity environment and at the same time provide users with flexibility if they choose, Seagate recommends product planning in one of two modes:
Seagate designs specify capacity points at certain block sizes that Seagate guarantees current and future products will meet. We recommend customers use this capacity in their project planning, as it ensures a stable operating point with backward and forward  compatibility from generation to generation. The current guaranteed operating points for this product are shown below.

Sector Size| 18TB with PI bytes| 18TB w/out PI bytes| 16TB with PI bytes| 16TB w/o PI bytes
---|---|---|---|---
Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex
512| 34,441,527,296| 804E00000| 35,156,656,128| 82F800000| 30,616,322,048| 720E00000| 31,251,759,104| 746C00000
520| 33,919,336,448| 7E5C00000| 34,441,527,296| 804E00000| 30,152,851,456| 705400000| 30,616,322,048| 720E00000
528| 33,413,922,816| 7C7A00000| 33,919,336,448| 7E5C00000| 29,701,963,776| 6EA600000| 30,152,851,456| 705400000
4096| 4,363,911,168| 1041C0000| 4,394,582,016| 105F00000| 3,879,206,912| E7380000| 3,906,469,888| E8D80000
4160| 4,297,064,448| 100200000| 4,305,190,912| 1009C0000| 3,819,700,224| E3AC0000| 3,827,040,256| E41C0000
4224| 4,232,052,736| FC400000| 4,239,917,056| FCB80000| 3,761,766,400| E0380000| 3,769,106,432| E0A80000
Sector Size| 14TB with PI bytes| 14TB w/out PI bytes| 12TB with PI bytes| 12TB w/o PI bytes
---|---|---|---|---
Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex
512| 26,789,019,648| 63CC00000| 27,344,764,928| 65DE00000| 22,961,717,248| 558A00000| 23,437,770,752| 575000000
520| 26,382,172,160| 624800000| 26,789,019,648| 63CC00000| 22,613,590,016| 543E00000| 22,961,717,248| 558A00000
528| 25,987,907,584| 60D000000| 26,382,172,160| 543E00000| 22,275,948,544| 52FC00000| 22,613,590,016| 543E00000
4096| 3,394,240,512| CA500000| 3,418,095,616| CBBC0000| 2,909,274,112| AD680000| 2,929,721,344| AEA00000
4160| 3,342,073,856| C7340000| 3,348,627,456| C7980000| 2,864,709,632| AAC00000| 2,870,214,656| AB140000
4224| 3,291,480,064| C4300000| 3,297,771,520| C4900000| 2,821,193,728| A8280000| 2,826,698,752| A87C0000
Sector Size| 10TB with PI bytes| 10TB w/o PI bytes
---|---|---
Decimal| Hex| Decimal| Hex
512| 19,134,414,848| 474800000| 19,532,873,728| 48C400000
520| 18,845,007,872| 463400000| 19,134,414,848| 474800000
528| 18,563,989,504| 452800000| 18,845,007,872| 463400000
4096| 2,424,569,856| 90840000| 2,441,609,216| 91880000
4160| 2,387,345,408| 8E4C0000| 2,391,801,856| 8E900000
4224| 2,351,169,536| 8C240000| 2,355,625,984| 8C680000

Note
LBA Counts for drive capacities greater than 8TB are calculated based upon the SFF-8447 standard publication. ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8447.PDF

3.6 Programmable drive capacity
Using the Mode Select command, the drive can change its capacity to something less than maximum. See the Mode Select (6) parameter list table in the SAS Interface Manual, part number 100293071. A value of zero in the Number of Blocks field indicates that  the drive will not change the capacity it is currently formatted to have. A number other than zero and less than the maximum number of LBAs in the Number of Blocks field changes the total drive capacity to the value in the Number of Blocks field. A value  greater than the maximum number of LBAs is rounded down to the maximum capacity.
3.7 Factory-installed options
Users may order the following items which are incorporated at the manufacturing facility during production or packaged before shipping. Some of the options available are (not an exhaustive list of possible options):

• Other capacities can be ordered depending on sparing scheme and sector size requested.
• Single-unit shipping pack. The drive is normally shipped in bulk packaging to provide maximum protection against transit damage. Units shipped individually require additional protection as provided by the single unit shipping pack. Users planning single  unit distribution should specify this option.
• The Safety and Regulatory Agency Specifications, part number 75789512, is usually included with each standard OEM drive shipped, but extra copies may be ordered.

Performance characteristics

This section provides detailed information concerning performance-related characteristics and features of Exos X18 drives.

4.1 Internal drive characteristics
4.1.1 Format command execution time

5xxE-byte sectors (minutes)| 18TB models| 16TB models| 14TB models| 12TB models| 10TB models
---|---|---|---|---|---
Maximum (with verify)| 2930| 2740| 2263| 1958| 1777
Maximum (without verify)| 1465| 1370| 1131| 979| 889

Execution time measured from receipt of the last byte of the Command Descriptor Block (CDB) to the request for a Status Byte Transfer to the Initiator (excluding connect/disconnect).
When changing sector sizes, the format times shown above may need to be increased by 30 minutes.
4.1.2 Fast Format
Drive sector size transition

• Single code to support sector sizes from 512E
• T10 fast format conversion between 512E configurations in the field.
• Possible only if sector sizes are exact multiples of 8 & vice versa
• The selected sector size will take effect only after fast format or full format
• Drive default is 512E from the factory.
• 512E features set after Fast Format

T10 Fast Format

• Implements the fast format based on T10 Spec.
• To request Fast Format, the FFMT bits (Byte 4, Bits 1:0) should be set to 01b.
• A setting of 10b or 11b will return a check condition with 05/24 sense code (pointing to FFMT MSB in CDB).

Mode Select – Parameter list header

• Set Write buffer: // Set Block Descriptor Length = 0x08, Number of LBAs = 0xFFFFFFFF
• 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 FF FF FF FF 00 00 02 00 // Set block size to 0512 (0x0200)
• Then Send Mode Select Command
• cdb: 55 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 // (SP bit = 1, Parameter list = 0x10)

Format Unit – Parameter list header

• Set Write buffer: // Set IMMED = 1
• 00 02 00 00
• Then Send Format Unit Command
• cdb: 04 14 00 00 01 00 // (FMTDAT = 1, DEFECT LIST FORMAT = 010b, FFMT = 01b)

4.2 Start/stop time
Power-on to ready time is based on typical operating conditions, default full current spin-up profile, and clean shutdown prior to measurement.
To ensure a clean shutdown issue a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit set to zero and the IMMED bit set to zero, so that the device will return status after the operation is completed.
The drive accepts the commands listed in the SAS Interface Manual less than 3 seconds after DC power has been applied.
If the drive receives a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive through either port and has not received a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 0, the drive becomes ready for normal operations within 30 seconds (excluding the error recovery procedure).
If the drive receives a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 0 before receiving a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive, the drive waits for a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 1. After receiving a START STOP UNIT  command with the START bit equal to 1, the drive waits for a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive. After receiving a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive through either port, the drive becomes ready for normal operations within 30 seconds (excluding the  error recovery procedure).
If the drive receives a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit and IMMED bit equal to 1 and does not receive a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive within 5 seconds, the drive fails the START STOP UNIT command.
The START STOP UNIT command may be used to command the drive to stop the spindle. Stop time is 23 seconds (maximum) from removal of DC power. SCSI stop time is 23 seconds. There is no power control switch on the drive.
An unexpected power loss event, spin up at cold or hot temperature extremes may cause the drive to exceed the typical and max time to ready by 5 to 20 seconds. Extended time to ready is dependent on cache state and environmental conditions prior to the  unexpected power loss and during the subsequent power on.

4.3 Prefetch/multi-segmented cache control
The drive provides a prefetch (read look-ahead) and multi-segmented cache control algorithms that in many cases can enhance system performance. Cache refers to the drive buffer storage space when it is used in cache operations. To select this feature, the host  sends the Mode Select command with the proper values in the applicable bytes in page 08h. Prefetch and cache operations are independent features from the standpoint that each is enabled and disabled independently using the Mode Select command; however,  in actual operation, the prefetch feature overlaps cache operation somewhat as described in sections 4.4.1 and 4.4.2.
All default cache and prefetch mode parameter values (Mode Page 08h) for standard OEM versions of this drive family are given in Table 11.

4.4 Cache operation

Note
Refer to the SAS Interface Manual for more detail concerning the cache bits.

The buffer is divided into logical segments from which data is read and to which data is written.
The drive keeps track of the logical block addresses of the data stored in each segment of the buffer. If the cache is enabled (see RCD bit in the SAS Interface Manual ), data requested by the host with a read command is retrieved from the buffer, if possible,  before any disk access is initiated. If cache operation is not enabled, the buffer is still used, but only as circular buffer segments during disk medium read operations (disregarding Prefetch operation for the moment). That is, the drive does not check in the buffer  segments for the requested read data, but goes directly to the medium to retrieve it. The retrieved data merely passes through some buffer segment on the way to the host. All data transfers to the host are in accordance with buffer-full ratio rules. See the  explanation provided with the information about Mode Page 02h (disconnect/reconnect control) in the SAS Interface Manual.
The following is a simplified description of the prefetch/cache operation:
Case A—read command is received and all of the requested logical blocks are already in the cache:

1. Drive transfers the requested logical blocks to the initiator.
   Case B—A Read command requests data, and at least one requested logical block is not in any segment of the cache:
   1. The drive fetches the requested logical blocks from the disk and transfers them into a segment, and then from there to the host in accordance withthe Mode Select Disconnect/Reconnect parameters, page 02h.
   2. If the prefetch feature is enabled, refer to Section 4.4.2 for operation from this point. Each cache segment is actually a self-contained circular buffer whose length is an integer number of logical blocks. The drive dynamically creates and removes segments  based on the workload. The wrap- around capability of the individual segments greatly enhances the cache’s overall performance.

The size of each segment is not reported by Mode Sense command page 08h, bytes 14 and 15. The value 0XFFFF is always reported regardless of the actual size of the segment. Sending a size specification using the Mode Select command (bytes 14 and 15)  does not set up a new segment size. If the STRICT bit in Mode page 00h (byte 2, bit 1) is set to one, the drive responds as it does for any attempt to change an unchangeable parameter.

4.4.1 Caching write data
Write caching is a write operation by the drive that makes use of a drive buffer storage area where the data to be written to the medium is stored while the drive performs the Write command.
If read caching is enabled (RCD=0), then data written to the medium is retained in the cache to be made available for future read cache hits. The same buffer space and segmentation is used as set up for read functions. The buffer segmentation scheme is set up  or changed independently, having nothing to do with the state of RCD. When a write command is issued, if RCD=0, the cache is first checked to see if any logical blocks that are to be written are already stored in the cache from a previous read or write command.  If there are, the respective cache segments are cleared.
The new data is cached for subsequent Read commands.
If the number of write data logical blocks exceed the size of the segment being written into, when the end of the segment is reached, the data is written into the beginning of the same cache segment, overwriting the data that was written there at the beginning of  the operation; however, the drive does not overwrite data that has not yet been written to the medium.
If write caching is enabled (WCE=1), then the drive may return Good status on a write command after the data has been transferred into the cache, but before the data has been written to the medium. If an error occurs while writing the data to the medium, and  Good status has already been returned, a deferred error will be generated.
The Synchronize Cache command may be used to force the drive to write all cached write data to the medium. Upon completion of a Synchronize Cache command, all data received from previous write commands will have been written to the medium. Table 11  shows the mode default settings for the drive.
4.4.2 Prefetch operation
If the Prefetch feature is enabled, data in contiguous logical blocks on the disk immediately beyond that which was requested by a Read command are retrieved and stored in the buffer for immediate transfer from the buffer to the host on subsequent Read  commands that request those logical blocks (this is true even if cache operation is disabled). Though the prefetch operation uses the buffer as a cache, finding the requested data in the buffer is a prefetch hit, not a cache operation hit.
To enable Prefetch, use Mode Select page 08h, byte 12, bit 5 (Disable Read Ahead – DRA bit). DRA bit = 0 enables prefetch.
The drive does not use the Max Prefetch field (bytes 8 and 9) or the Prefetch Ceiling field (bytes 10 and 11).
When prefetch (read look-ahead) is enabled (enabled by DRA = 0), the drive enables prefetch of contiguous blocks from the disk when it senses that a prefetch hit will likely occur. The drive disables prefetch when it decides that a prefetch hit is not likely to occur.

Reliability specifications

The following reliability specifications assume correct host and drive operational interface, including all interface timings, power supply voltages, environmental requirements and drive mounting constraints.

Seek error rate: 1
Read Error Rates
Recovered Data
Unrecovered Data
Miscorrected Data
Interface error rate:
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF):
Annualized Failure Rate (AFR):2
Preventive maintenance:| Less than 10 errors in 108 seeks
Less than 10 errors in 1012 bits transferred (OEM default settings)
Less than 1 sector in 10 15 bits transferred
Less than 1 sector in 10 21 bits transferred
Less than 1 error in 10 12 bits transferred
2,500,000 hours 0.35% None required
---|---

1. Error rate specified with automatic retries and data correction with ECC enabled and all flaws reallocated.
2. See Section 5.2, “Reliability and service” for rated MTBF device operating condition requirements.

5.1 Error rates
The error rates stated in this manual assume the following:

• The drive is operated in accordance with this manual using DC power as defined in Section 6.4, DC power requirements
• Errors caused by host system failures are excluded from error rate computations.
• Assume random data.
• Default OEM error recovery settings are applied. This includes AWRE, ARRE, full read retries, full write retries and full retry time.

5.1.1 Recoverable Errors
Recoverable errors are those detected and corrected by the drive, and do not require user intervention.
Recoverable Data errors will use correction, although ECC on-the-fly is not considered for purposes of recovered error specifications.
Recovered Data error rate is determined using read bits transferred for recoverable errors occurring during a read, and using write bits transferred for recoverable errors occurring during a write.
5.1.2 Unrecoverable Errors
An unrecoverable data error is defined as a failure of the drive to recover data from the media. These errors occur due to head/media or write problems. Unrecoverable data errors are only detected during read operations, but not caused by the read. If an  unrecoverable data error is detected, a MEDIUM ERROR (03h) in the Sense Key will be reported. Multiple unrecoverable data errors resulting from the same cause are treated as 1 error.
5.1.3 Seek errors
A seek error is defined as a failure of the drive to position the heads to the addressed track. After detecting an initial seek error, the drive automatically performs an error recovery process. If the error recovery process fails, a seek positioning error (Error code =  15h or 02h) will be reported with a Hardware error (04h) in the Sense Key. Recoverable seek errors are specified at Less than 10 errors in 10 8 seeks. Unrecoverable seek errors (Sense Key = 04h) are classified as drive failures.
5.1.4 Interface errors
An interface error is defined as a failure of the receiver on a port to recover the data as transmitted by the device port connected to the receiver.
The error may be detected as a running disparity error, illegal code, loss of word sync, or CRC error.

5.2 Reliability and service
Users can enhance the reliability of Exos X18 disk drives by ensuring that the drive receives adequate cooling. Section 6.0 provides temperature measurements and other information that may be used to enhance the service life of the drive. Section 10.2 provides  recommended air-flow information.
5.2.1 Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) and Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
The production disk drive shall achieve an annualized failure-rate of 0.35% (MTBF of 2,500,000 hours) over a 5 year service life when used in Enterprise Storage field conditions as limited by the following:

• 8760 power-on hours per year.
• HDA temperature as reported by the drive <= 30°C
• Ambient wet bulb temp <= 26°C
• Typical workload
• The AFR (MTBF) is a population statistic not relevant to individual units
• ANSI/ISA S71.04-2013 G2 classification levels and dust contamination to ISO 14644-1 Class 8 standards (as measured at the device)

The MTBF specification for the drive assumes the operating environment is designed to maintain nominal drive temperature and humidity.
Occasional excursions in operating conditions between the rated MTBF conditions and the maximum drive operating conditions may occur without significant impact to the rated MTBF. However continual or sustained operation beyond the rated MTBF  conditions will degrade the drive MTBF and reduce product reliability.

Workloads exceeding the annualized rate may degrade the drive MTBF and impact product reliability. The Annualized Workload Rate is in units of TB per year, or TB per 8760 power on hours. Workload Rate = TB transferred * (8760 / recorded power on hours).
Warranty| To determine the warranty for a specific drive, use a web browser to access the following web page: www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and- replacements/.
From this page, click on the “Is my Drive under Warranty” link. The following are required to be provided: the drive serial number, model number (or part number) and country of purchase. The system will display the warranty information for the drive.
Preventive maintenance| None required.

5.2.2 Hot plugging the drive
When a disk is powered on by switching the power or hot plugged, the drive runs a self test before attempting to communicate on its’ interfaces.
When the self test completes successfully, the drive initiates a Link Reset starting with OOB. An attached device should respond to the link reset. If the link reset attempt fails, or any time the drive looses sync, the drive initiated link reset. The drive will initiate  link reset once per second but alternates between port A and B. Therefore each port will attempt a link reset once per 2 seconds assuming both ports are out of sync.
If the self-test fails, the drive does not respond to link reset on the failing port.
It is the responsibility of the systems integrator to assure that no temperature, energy, voltage hazard, or ESD potential hazard is presented during the hot connect/disconnect operation. Discharge the static electricity from the drive carrier prior to inserting it  into the system.

Caution
The drive motor must come to a complete stop prior to changing the plane of operation. This time is required to insure data integrity.

5.2.3 S.M.A.R.T.
S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology. This technology is intended to recognize conditions that indicate imminent drive failure and is designed to provide sufficient warning of a failure to allow users to back up the data before an actual failure occurs.
Note
The drive’s firmware monitors specific attributes for degradation over time but can’t predict instantaneous drive failures.
Each monitored attribute has been selected to monitor a specific set of failure conditions in the operating performance of the drive and the thresholds are optimized to minimize “false” and “failed” predictions.
Controlling S.M.A.R.T.
The operating mode of S.M.A.R.T. is controlled by the DEXCPT and PERF bits on the Informational Exceptions Control mode page (1Ch). Use the DEXCPT bit to enable or disable the S.M.A.R.T. feature. Setting the DEXCPT bit disables all S.M.A.R.T. functions.  When enabled, S.M.A.R.T. collects on-line data as the drive performs normal read and write operations. When the PERF bit is set, the drive is considered to be in “On-line Mode Only” and will not perform off-line functions.
Users can measure off-line attributes and force the drive to save the data by using the Rezero Unit command. Forcing S.M.A.R.T. resets the timer so that the next scheduled interrupt is in one hour.
Users can interrogate the drive through the host to determine the time remaining before the next scheduled measurement and data logging process occurs. To accomplish this, issue a Log Sense command to log page 0x3E. This allows the user to control when  S.M.A.R.T. interruptions occur. Forcing S.M.A.R.T. with the RTZ command resets the timer.
Performance impact
S.M.A.R.T. attribute data is saved to the disk so that the events that caused a predictive failure can be recreated. The drive measures and saves parameters once every one hour subject to an idle period on the drive interfaces. The process of measuring off-line  attribute data and saving data to the disk is interruptible. The maximum on-line only processing delay is summarized below:

Maximum processing delay
Fully-enabled delay DEXCPT = 0
S.M.A.R.T. delay times 75 ms
Reporting control
Reporting is controlled by the MRIE bits in the Informational Exceptions Control mode page (1Ch). An example, if the MRIE is set to one, the firmware will issue to the host an 01-5D00 sense code. The FRU field contains the type of predictive failure that  occurred. The error code is preserved through bus resets and power cycles.
Determining rate
S.M.A.R.T. monitors the rate at which errors occur and signals a predictive failure if the rate of degraded errors increases to an unacceptable level.
To determine rate, error events are logged and compared to the number of total operations for a given attribute. The interval defines the number of operations over which to measure the rate. The counter that keeps track of the current number of operations is  referred to as the Interval Counter.
S.M.A.R.T. measures error rates. All errors for each monitored attribute are recorded. A counter keeps track of the number of errors for the current interval. This counter is referred to as the Failure Counter.
Error rate is the number of errors per operation. The algorithm that S.M.A.R.T. uses to record rates of error is to set thresholds for the number of errors and their interval. If the number of errors exceeds the threshold before the interval expires, the error rate is considered to be unacceptable.
If the number of errors does not exceed the threshold before the interval expires, the error rate is considered to be acceptable. In either case, the interval and failure counters are reset and the process starts over.

Predictive failures
S.M.A.R.T. signals predictive failures when the drive is performing unacceptably for a period of time. The firmware keeps a running count of the number of times the error rate for each attribute is unacceptable. To accomplish this, a counter is incremented each  time the error rate is unacceptable and decremented (not to exceed zero) whenever the error rate is acceptable. If the counter continually increments such that it reaches the predictive threshold, a predictive failure is signaled. This counter is referred to as the  Failure History Counter. There is a separate Failure History Counter for each attribute.
5.2.4 Thermal monitor
Exos X18 drives implement a temperature warning system which:

1. Signals the host if the temperature exceeds a value which would threaten the drive.
2. Saves a S.M.A.R.T. data frame on the drive which exceeds the threatening temperature value.

A temperature sensor monitors the drive temperature and issues a warning over the interface when the temperature exceeds a set threshold. The temperature is measured at power-up and then at ten-minute intervals after power-up.
The thermal monitor system generates a warning code of 01-0B01 when the temperature exceeds the specified limit in compliance with the SCSI standard.
This feature is controlled by the Enable Warning (EWasc) bit, and the reporting mechanism is controlled by the Method of Reporting Informational Exceptions field (MRIE) on the Informational Exceptions Control (IEC) mode page (1Ch).
5.2.5 Drive Self Test (DST)
Drive Self Test (DST) is a technology designed to recognize drive fault conditions that qualify the drive as a failed unit. DST validates the functionality of the drive at a system level.
There are two test coverage options implemented in DST:

1. Extended test
2. Short test

The most thorough option is the extended test that performs various tests on the drive and scans every logical block address (LBA) of the drive.
The short test is time-restricted and limited in length—it does not scan the entire media surface, but does some fundamental tests and scans portions of the media.
If DST encounters an error during either of these tests, it reports a fault condition. If the drive fails the test, remove it from service and return it to Seagate for service.
5.2.5.1 DST failure definition
The drive will present a “diagnostic failed” condition through the self-tests results value of the diagnostic log page if a functional failure is encountered during DST. The channel and servo parameters are not modified to test the drive more stringently, and the  number of retries are not reduced. All retries and recovery processes are enabled during the test. If data is recoverable, no failure condition will be reported regardless of the number of retries required to recover the data.
The following conditions are considered DST failure conditions:

• Seek error after retries are exhausted
• Track-follow error after retries are exhausted
• Read error after retries are exhausted
• Write error after retries are exhausted

Recovered errors will not be reported as diagnostic failures.

5.2.5.2 Implementation
This section provides all of the information necessary to implement the DST function on this drive.
5.2.5.2.1 State of the drive prior to testing
The drive must be in a ready state before issuing the Send Diagnostic command. There are multiple reasons why a drive may not be ready, some of which are valid conditions, and not errors. For example, a drive may be in process of doing a format, or another  DST. It is the responsibility of the host application to determine the “not ready” cause.
While not technically part of DST, a Not Ready condition also qualifies the drive to be returned to Seagate as a failed drive.
A Drive Not Ready condition is reported by the drive under the following conditions:

• Motor will not spin
• Motor will not lock to speed
• Servo will not lock on track
• Drive cannot read configuration tables from the disk
  In these conditions, the drive responds to a Test Unit Ready command with an 02/04/00 or 02/04/03 code.

5.2.5.2.2 Invoking DST
To invoke DST, submit the Send Diagnostic command with the appropriate Function Code (001b for the short test or 010b for the extended test) in bytes 1, bits 5, 6, and 7.
5.2.5.2.3 Short and extended tests
DST has two testing options:

1. short
2. extended

These testing options are described in the following two subsections.
Each test consists of three segments: an electrical test segment, a servo test segment, and a read/verify scan segment.
Short test (Function Code: 001b)
The purpose of the short test is to provide a time-limited test that tests as much of the drive as possible within 120 seconds. The short test does not scan the entire media surface, but does some fundamental tests and scans portions of the media. A complete  read/verify scan is not performed and only factual failures will report a fault condition. This option provides a quick confidence test of the drive.
Extended test (Function Code: 010b)
The objective of the extended test option is to empirically test critical drive components. For example, the seek tests and on-track operations test the positioning mechanism. The read operation tests the read head element and the media surface. The write  element is tested through read/write/read operations. The integrity of the media is checked through a read/verify scan of the media. Motor functionality is tested by default as a part of these tests.
The anticipated length of the Extended test is reported through the Control Mode page.

Physical/electrical specifications

This section provides information relating to the physical and electrical characteristics of the drive.
6.1 PowerChoice™ power management
Drives using the load/unload architecture provide programmable power management to tailor systems for performance and greater energy efficiency.
The table below lists the supported PowerChoice modes. The further down the user goes in the table, the more power savings the user gets. For example, Idle_B mode results in greater power savings than Idle_A mode. Standby_Z mode results in the greatest power savings.

PowerChoice modes

requires the NOTIFY (Enable Spinup) command.
Standby_Z| Heads unloaded. Motor stopped (disks not spinning) Recovery requires the NOTIFY (Enable Spinup) command.

PowerChoice can be invoked using one of these two methods:

• Power Condition mode page method—Enable and initialize the idle condition timers and/or the standby condition timers. The timer values are based on the values set in the Power Condition mode page.
• START STOP UNIT command method—Use the START STOP UNIT command (OPERATION CODE 1Bh). This allows the host to directly transition the drive to any supported PowerChoice mode.

If both the Power Condition mode page and START STOP UNIT command methods are used, the START STOP UNIT command request takes precedence over the Power Condition mode page power control and may disable the idle condition and standby  condition timers. The REQUEST SENSE command reports the current PowerChoice state if active and also the method by which the drive entered the PowerChoice state.
When the drive receives a command, all power condition timers are suspended if they were enabled via the Power Condition mode page. Once all outstanding commands are processed, the power condition timers are reinitialized to the values defined in the Power Condition mode page

6.1.1 PowerChoice reporting methods
PowerChoice provides these reporting methods for tracking purposes:
Request Sense command reports

• Current power condition
• Method of entry

Note
Processing the Request Sense command does not impact the drive’s power save state.
Mode Sense command reports (mode page 0x1A)

• Idle conditions enabled / disabled
• Idle condition timer values (100ms increments) (default, saved, current, changeable)

Power Condition Vital Product Data (VPD) Page (VPD page 0x8A)

• Supported power conditions
• Typical recovery time from power conditions (1ms increments)

Start/Stop Cycle Counter Log Page reports (log page 0x0E)

• Specified and accumulated Start/Stops and Load/Unload cycles

Power Condition Transitions Log Page reports (log page 0x1A, subpage 0x00)

• Accumulated transitions to Active, Idle_A, Idle_B, Idle_C, Standby_Y, Standby_Z

6.2 Power Balance

• Mode page 01h byte 6 bits 0 & 1 define the Active Level
• Active Levels – 00b Default,11b Lowest active power level

6.3 AC power requirements
None.

6.4 DC power requirements
The voltage and current requirements for a single drive are shown below. Values indicated apply at the drive connector.
The standard drive models and the SED drive models have identical hardware, however the security and encryption portion of the drive controller ASIC is enabled and functional in the SED models. This represents a small additional drain on the 5V supply of  about 30mA and a commensurate increase of about 150mW in power consumption. There is no additional drain on the 12V supply.
Table 1 DC power requirements (18TB models)

| Notes| 12.0Gb mode
---|---|---
(Amps)| (Amps)| (Watts)
Voltage| | +5V| +12V [[2]]|
Regulation| [5]| ± 5%| ± 10% [2]|
Avg idle current DCX| [1] [6]| 0.39| 0.30| 5.58
Advanced idle current| | | |
Idle A| | 0.39| 0.30| 5.59
Idle B| | 0.33| 0.17| 3.75
Idle C| | 0.33| 0.12| 3.06
Standby| | 0.32| 0.01| 1.73
Maximum starting current| | | |
(peak DC) DC| [3]| 1.12| 1.77|
(peak AC) AC| [3]| 1.21| 2.86|
Delayed motor start (max) DC| [3] [4]| 0.60| 0.11|
Peak operating current (random read 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.47| 0.62| 9.79
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.49| 0.63|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.26| 2.30|
Peak operating current (random write 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.56| 0.35| 6.95
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.57| 0.35|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.28| 2.38|
Peak operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.95| 0.30| 8.32
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.96| 0.30|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.37| 0.64|
Peak operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 1.06| 0.30| 8.88
Maximum DC| [1]| 1.08| 0.30|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.42| 0.64|

Table 2 DC power requirements (16TB models)

| Notes| 12.0Gb mode
---|---|---
(Amps)| (Amps)| (Watts)
Voltage| | +5V| +12V [[2]]|
Regulation| [5]| ± 5%| ± 10% [2]|
Avg idle current DCX| [1] [6]| 0.38| 0.30| 5.48
Advanced idle current| | | |
Idle A| | 0.38| 0.30| 5.48
Idle B| | 0.34| 0.20| 4.14
Idle C| | 0.33| 0.13| 3.23
Standby| | 0.29| 0.01| 1.55
Maximum starting current| | | |
(peak DC) DC| [3]| 1.04| 1.57|
(peak AC) AC| [3]| 1.09| 2.84|
Delayed motor start (max) DC| [3] [4]| 0.52| 0.10|
Peak operating current (random read 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.44| 0.61| 9.56
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.46| 0.62|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.21| 2.34|
Peak operating current (random write 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.52| 0.34| 6.67
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.54| 0.34|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.22| 2.42|
Peak operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.90| 0.30| 8.10
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.93| 0.30|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.28| 1.82|
Peak operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.99| 0.30| 8.51
Maximum DC| [1]| 1.02| 0.30|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.30| 1.82|

Table 3 DC power requirements (14TB models)

| Notes| 12.0Gb mode
---|---|---
(Amps)| (Amps)| (Watts)
Voltage| | +5V| +12V [[2]]|
Regulation| [5]| ± 5%| ± 10% [2]|
Avg idle current DCX| [1] [6]| 0.37| 0.26| 5.04
Advanced idle current| | | |
Idle A| | 0.37| 0.26| 5.03
Idle B| | 0.33| 0.18| 3.80
Idle C| | 0.32| 0.12| 2.99
Standby| | 0.28| 0.01| 1.47
Maximum starting current| | | |
(peak DC) DC| [3]| 1.02| 1.54|
(peak AC) AC| [3]| 1.08| 2.92|
Delayed motor start (max) DC| [3] [4]| 0.58| 0.10|
Peak operating current (random read 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.43| 0.58| 9.05
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.43| 0.58|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.16| 2.30|
Peak operating current (random write 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.51| 0.31| 6.28
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.51| 0.32|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.16| 2.30|
Peak operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.88| 0.27| 7.61
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.89| 0.27|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.26| 0.68|
Peak operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.97| 0.27| 8.06
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.98| 0.27|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.30| 0.62|

Table 4 DC power requirements (12TB models)

| Notes| 12.0Gb mode
---|---|---
(Amps)| (Amps)| (Watts)
Voltage| | +5V| +12V [[2]]|
Regulation| [5]| ± 5%| ± 10% [2]|
Avg idle current DCX| [1] [6]| 0.37| 0.26| 4.99
Advanced idle current| | | |
Idle A| | 0.37| 0.26| 4.99
Idle B| | 0.33| 0.17| 3.80
Idle C| | 0.31| 0.12| 2.99
Standby| | 0.28| 0.01| 1.47
Maximum starting current| | | |
(peak DC) DC| [3]| 1.00| 1.55|
(peak AC) AC| [3]| 1.10| 2.92|
Delayed motor start (max) DC| [3] [4]| 0.52| 0.10|
Peak operating current (random read 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.42| 0.58| 9.02
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.43| 0.58|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.18| 2.30|
Peak operating current (random write 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.50| 0.31| 6.22
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.51| 0.31|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.17| 2.42|
Peak operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.88| 0.27| 7.58
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.88| 0.27|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.26| 0.69|
Peak operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.97| 0.27| 8.01
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.97| 0.27|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.27| 0.62|

Table 5 10TB drive DC power requirements

| Notes| 12.0Gb mode
---|---|---
(Amps)| (Amps)| (Watts)
Voltage| | +5V| +12V [2]|
Regulation| [5]| ± 5%| ± 10% [2]|
Avg idle current DCX| [1] [6]| 0.36| 0.26| 4.89
Advanced idle current| | | |
Idle A| | 0.36| 0.25| 4.83
Idle B| | 0.31| 0.16| 3.43
Idle C| | 0.31| 0.10| 2.78
Standby| | 0.27| 0.01| 1.49
Maximum starting current| | | |
(peak DC) DC| [3]| 1.00| 2.62|
(peak AC) AC| [3]| 1.02| 2.84|
Delayed motor start (max) DC| [3]| 0.50| 0.08|
Peak operating current (random read 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.42| 0.57| 8.97
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.43| 0.58|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.14| 2.21|
Peak operating current (random write 4K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.46| 0.30| 5.84
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.47| 0.30|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.08| 2.33|
Peak operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.82| 0.26| 7.25
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.84| 0.26|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.11| 2.20|
Peak operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)| | | |
Typical DCX| [1]| 0.85| 0.26| 7.37
Maximum DC| [1]| 0.86| 0.26|
Maximum (peak) DC| | 1.13| 0.57|

[1] Measured with average reading DC ammeter. Instantaneous +12V current peaks will exceed these values. Power supply at nominal voltage.
N (number of drives tested) = 6, 35°C ambient.
[2] For +12 V, a –10% tolerance is allowed during initial spindle start but must return to ± 10% before reaching 7200 RPM. The ± 10% must be maintained after the drive signifies that its power-up sequence has been completed and that the drive is able to accept  selection by the host initiator.
[3] See +12V current profile in Figure 1.
[4] This condition occurs after OOB and Speed Negotiation completes but before the drive has received the Notify Spinup primitive.
[5] See 6.4.1, “Conducted noise immunity.” Specified voltage tolerance includes ripple, noise, and transient response.
[6] During idle, the drive heads are relocated every 60 seconds to a random location within the band from three-quarters to maximum track.
General DC power requirement notes.

1. Minimum current loading for each supply voltage is not less than 1.7% of the maximum operating current shown.
2. The +5V and +12V supplies should employ separate ground returns.
3. Where power is provided to multiple drives from a common supply, careful consideration for individual drive power requirements should be noted. Where multiple units are powered on simultaneously, the peak starting current must be available to each device.
4. Parameters, other than spindle start, are measured after a 10-minute warm up.
5. No terminator power.

6.4.1 Conducted noise immunity
Noise is specified as a periodic and random distribution of frequencies covering a band from DC to 10 MHz. Maximum allowed noise values given below are peak-to-peak measurements and apply at the drive power connector.
+5v = 250 mV pp from 100 Hz to 20 MHz.
+12v = 800 mV pp from 100 Hz to 8 KHz.
450 mV pp from 8 KHz to 20 KHz.
250 mV pp from 20 KHz to 5 MHz.
6.4.2 Power sequencing
The drive does not require power sequencing. The drive protects against inadvertent writing during power-up and down.

6.4.3 Current profiles
The +12V (top) and +5V (bottom) current profiles for the Exos X18 drives are shown below.

Note All times and currents are typical. See Table 1 for maximum current requirements.

6.5 Power dissipation
18TB and 16TB models in 12Gb operation
Please refer to Table 1 for power dissipation numbers.
To obtain operating power for typical random read operations, refer to the following I/O rate curve (see Figure 2.). Locate the typical I/O rate for a drive in the system on the horizontal axis and read the corresponding +5 volt current, +12 volt current, and total  watts on the vertical axis. To calculate BTUs per hour, multiply watts by 3.4123.

6.6 Environmental limits
Temperature and humidity values experienced by the drive must be such that condensation does not occur on any drive part. Altitude and atmospheric pressure specifications are referenced to a standard day at 58.7°F (14.8°C).

Note
To maintain optimal performance drives should be run at nominal drive temperatures and humidity.
See Section 5.2, “Reliability and service” for rated MTBF device operating condition requirements.

6.6.1 Temperature
a. Operating
41°F to 140°F (5°C to 60°C) temperature range with a maximum temperature gradient of 36°F (20°C) per hour as reported by the drive.
The maximum allowable drive reported temperature is 140°F (60°C).
Air flow may be required to achieve consistent nominal drive temperature values (see Section 10.2). To confirm that the required cooling is provided for the electronics and HDA, place the drive in its final mechanical configuration, and perform random  write/read operations. After the temperatures stabilize, monitor the current drive temperature using the Temperature log page (0Dh), with PARAMETER CODE 0000H TEMPERATURE. The TEMPERATURE field (byte 9) indicates the temperature of the
SCSI target device in degrees Celsius at the time the LOG SENSE command is performed.
b. Non-operating
–40° to 158°F (–40° to 70°C) package ambient with a maximum gradient of 36°F (20°C) per hour. This specification assumes that the drive is packaged in the shipping container designed by Seagate for use with drive.

6.6.2 Humidity
The values below assume that no condensation on the drive occurs. Maximum wet bulb temperature is 84.2°F (29°C).
a. Operating
5% to 95% non-condensing relative humidity with a maximum gradient of 20% per hour.
b. Non-operating
5% to 95% non-condensing relative humidity.
6.6.3 Effective altitude (sea level)
a. Operating
–1000 to +10,000 feet (–304.8 to +3048 meters)
b. Non-operating
–1000 to +40,000 feet (–304.8 to +12,192 meters)

6.6.4 Shock and Vibration
Shock and vibration measurements specified in this document are made directly on the drive itself and applied in the X, Y, and Z axis at the drive mounting point locations.
6.6.4.1 Shock
a. Operating
The drive will operate without error while subjected to intermittent shock pulses not exceeding 50g typical at a duration of 2ms.
b. Non-operating
The drive will operate without non-recoverable errors after being subjected to shock pulses not exceeding 200g at a duration of 2ms.

6.6.4.2 Vibration
a. Linear Random Operating Vibration
The drive will operate without non-recoverable errors while being subjected to the random power spectral density noise specified below.

PSD of 5-500 Hz random noise at 0.70 g rms

Frequency (Hz)| 5| 20| 200| 250| 500
GA2/Hz| 0.00025| 0.00210| 0.00210| 0.00020| 0.00020

6.6.5 Acoustics
Sound power during idle mode shall be 2.8 bels typical when measured to ISO 7779 specification.
Sound power while operating shall be 3.0 bels typical when measured to ISO 7779 specification.
There will not be any discrete tones more than 9 dB above the masking noise when measured according to Seagate specification 30553-001.
6.6.6 Air cleanliness
The drive is designed to operate in a typical office environment with minimal environmental control.
6.6.7 Corrosive environment
Seagate electronic drive components pass accelerated corrosion testing equivalent to 10 years exposure to light industrial environments containing sulfurous gases, chlorine and nitric oxide, classes G and H per ASTM B845. However, this accelerated testing  cannot duplicate every potential application environment.
Users should use caution exposing any electronic components to uncontrolled chemical pollutants and corrosive chemicals as electronic drive component reliability can be affected by the installation environment. The silver, copper, nickel and gold films used in  hard disk drives are especially sensitive to the presence of sulfide, chloride, and nitrate contaminants. Sulfur is found to be the most damaging. Materials used in cabinet fabrication, such as vulcanized rubber, that can outgas corrosive compounds should be  minimized or eliminated. The useful life of any electronic equipment may be extended by replacing materials near circuitry with sulfide- free alternatives.
Seagate recommends that data centers be kept clean by monitoring and controlling the dust and gaseous contamination. Gaseous contamination should be within ANSI/ISA S71.04-2013 G2 classification levels (as measured on copper and silver coupons), and  dust contamination to ISO 14644-1 Class 8 standards, and MTBF rated conditions as defined in the Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) and Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) section.

6.7 Mechanical specifications
Refer to Figure 7 for detailed mounting configuration dimensions. See Section 10.3, “Drive mounting.”

Weight:| |
---|---|---
18TB & 16TB| 1.477 lb| 670 g
14TB, 12TB & 10TB| 1.433 lb| 650 g

Note
These dimensions conform to the Small Form Factor Standard documented in SFF-8301 and SFF-8323, found at www.snia.org/technology- communities/sff/specifications.

Figure 7. Mounting configuration dimensions
Note The image is for mechanical dimension reference only and may not represent the actual drive.

About self-encrypting drives

Self-encrypting drives (SEDs) offer encryption and security services for the protection of stored data, commonly known as “protection of data at rest.” These drives are compliant with the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) Enterprise Storage Specifications as  detailed in Section 2.1.
The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) is an organization sponsored and operated by companies in the computer, storage and digital communications industry. Seagate’s SED models comply with the standards published by the TCG.
To use the security features in the drive, the host must be capable of constructing and issuing the following two SCSI commands:

• Security Protocol Out
• Security Protocol In

These commands are used to convey the TCG protocol to and from the drive in their command payloads.
7.1 Data encryption
Encrypting drives use one inline encryption engine for each port, employing AES-256 bit data encryption in AES-XTS mode to encrypt all data prior to being written on the media and to decrypt all data as it is read from the media. The encryption engines are  always in operation and cannot be disabled.
The 32-byte Data Encryption Key (DEK) is a random number which is generated by the drive, never leaves the drive, and is inaccessible to the host system. The DEK is itself encrypted when it is stored on the media and when it is in volatile temporary storage  (DRAM) external to the encryption engine. A unique data encryption key is used for each of the drive’s possible 32 data bands (see Section 7.5).
7.2 Controlled access
The drive has two security providers (SPs) called the “Admin SP” and the “Locking SP.” These act as gatekeepers to the drive security services.
Security-related commands will not be accepted unless they also supply the correct credentials to prove the requester  is authorized to perform the command.
7.2.1 Admin SP
The Admin SP allows the drive’s owner to enable or disable firmware download operations (see Section 7.4). Access to the Admin SP is available using the SID (Secure ID) password or the MSID (Manufacturers Secure ID) password.
7.2.2 Locking SP
The Locking SP controls read/write access to the media and the cryptographic erase feature. Access to the Locking SP is available using the BandMasterX or EraseMaster passwords. Since the drive owner can define up to 32 data bands on the drive, each data  band has its own password called BandMasterX where X is the number of the data band (0 through 31).
7.2.3 Default password
When the drive is shipped from the factory, all passwords are set to the value of MSID. This 32-byte random value can only be read by the host electronically over the interface. After receipt of the drive, it is the responsibility of the owner to use the default MSID  password as the authority to change all other passwords to unique owner-specified values.
7.3 Random number generator (RNG)
The drive has a 32-byte hardware RNG that it is uses to generate encryption keys or, if requested to do so, to provide random numbers to the host for system use, including using these numbers as Authentication Keys (passwords) for the drive’s Admin and Locking SPs.
7.4 Drive locking
In addition to changing the passwords, as described in Section 7.2.3, the owner should also set the data access controls for the individual bands.
The variable “LockOnReset” should be set to “PowerCycle” to ensure that the data bands will be locked if power is lost. In addition “ReadLockEnabled” and “WriteLockEnabled” must be set to true in the locking table in order for the bands “LockOnReset” setting  of “PowerCycle” to actually lock access to the band when a “PowerCycle” event occurs. This scenario occurs if the drive is removed from its cabinet. The drive will not honor any data read or write requests until the bands have been unlocked. This prevents the  user data from being accessed without the appropriate credentials when the drive has been removed from its cabinet and installed in another system.
When the drive is shipped from the factory, the firmware download port is unlocked.

7.5 Data bands
When shipped from the factory, the drive is configured with a single data band called Band 0 (also known as the Global Data Band) which comprises LBA 0 through LBA max. The host may allocate Band1 by specifying a start LBA and an LBA range. The real  estate for this band is taken from the Global Band. An additional 30 Data Bands may be defined in a similar way (Band2 through Band31) but before these bands can be allocated LBA space, they must first be individually enabled using the EraseMaster  password.
Data bands cannot overlap but they can be sequential with one band ending at LBA (x) and the next beginning at LBA (x+1).
Each data band has its own drive-generated encryption key and its own user- supplied password. The host may change the Encryption Key (see Section 7.6) or the password when required. The bands should be aligned to 4K LBA boundaries.
7.6 Cryptographic erase
A significant feature of SEDs is the ability to perform a cryptographic erase. This involves the host telling the drive to change the data encryption key for a particular band. Once changed, the data is no longer recoverable since it was written with one key and will  be read using a different key.
Since the drive overwrites the old key with the new one, and keeps no history of key changes, the user data can never be recovered. This is tantamount to an instantaneous data erase and is very useful if the drive is to be scrapped or redispositioned.
7.7 Authenticated firmware download
In addition to providing a locking mechanism to prevent unwanted firmware download attempts, the drive also only accepts download files which have been cryptographically signed by the appropriate Seagate Design Center.
Three conditions must be met before the drive will allow the download operation:

1. The download must be an SED file. A standard (base) drive (non-SED) file will be rejected.
2. The download file must be signed and authenticated.
3. As with a non-SED drive, the download file must pass the acceptance criteria for the drive. For example it must be applicable to the correct drive model, and have compatible revision and customer status.

7.8 Power requirements
The standard drive models and the SED drive models have identical hardware, however the security and encryption portion of the drive controller ASIC is enabled and functional in the SED models. This represents a small additional drain on the 5V supply of  about 30mA and a commensurate increase of about 150mW in power consumption. There is no additional drain on the 12V supply. See the tables in Section 6.4 for power requirements on the standard (non-SED) drive models.
7.9 Supported commands
The SED models support the following two commands in addition to the commands supported by the standard (non-SED) models as listed in Table 9:

• Security Protocol Out (B5h)
• Security Protocol In (A2h)

7.10 Sanitize – CRYPTOGRAPHIC ERASE
This command cryptographically erases all user data on the drive by destroying the current data encryption key and replacing it with a new data encryption key randomly generated by the drive. Sanitize CRYPTOGRAPHIC ERASE is a SCSI CDB Op code 48h and selecting the service action code 3 (CRYPTOGRAPHIC ERASE)
7.11 RevertSP
SED models will support the RevertSP feature which erases all data in all bands on the device and returns the contents of all SPs (Security Providers) on the device to their original factory state. In order to execute the RevertSP method the unique PSID (Physical  Secure ID) printed on the drive label must be provided. PSID is not electronically accessible and can only be manually read from the drive label or scanned in via the 2D barcode.

About FIPS

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 140-3 is a U.S. Government Computer Security Standard used to accredit cryptographic modules. It is titled ‘Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules (FIPS PUB 140-3)’ and is issued by  the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Purpose
This standard specifies the security requirements that will be satisfied by a cryptographic module utilized within a security system protecting sensitive but unclassified information. The standard provides four increasing, qualitative levels of security: Level 1,  Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4.
These levels are intended to cover the wide range of potential applications and environments in which cryptographic modules may be employed.
Validation Program
Products that claim conformance to this standard are validated by the Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) which is a joint effort between National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Communications Security Establishment  (CSE) of the Government of Canada. Products validated as conforming to FIPS 140-3 are accepted by the Federal agencies of both countries for the protection of sensitive information (United States) or Designated Information (Canada).
In the CMVP, vendors of cryptographic modules use independent, accredited testing laboratories to have their modules tested. National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) accredited laboratories perform cryptographic module  compliance/conformance testing.
Seagate Enterprise SED
The SEDs referenced in this Product Manual have been thoroughly tested by a NVLAP accredited lab to satisfy FIPS 140-3 Level 2 requirements. In order to operate in FIPS Approved Mode of Operation, these SEDs require security initialization. For more  information, refer to ‘Security Rules’ section in the ‘Security Policy’ document uploaded on the NIST website. To reference the product certification visit – csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/documents/140-1/1401vend.htm, and search for “Seagate”.
Security Level 2
Security Level 2 enhances the physical security mechanisms of a Security Level 1 cryptographic module by adding the requirement for tamperevidence, which includes the use of tamper-evident coatings or seals on removable covers of the module.
Tamper-evident coatings or seals are placed on a cryptographic module so that the coating or seal must be broken to attain physical access to the critical security parameters (CSP) within the module.
Tamper-evident seals (example shown in Figure) are placed on covers to protect against unauthorized physical access.
In addition Security Level 2 requires, at a minimum, role-based authentication in which a cryptographic module authenticates the authorization of an operator to assume a specific role and perform a corresponding set of services.

Example of FIPS tamper evidence labels.
Note
Image is for reference only, may not represent actual drive.

Defect and error management

Seagate continues to use innovative technologies to manage defects and errors. These technologies are designed to increase data integrity, perform drive self-maintenance, and validate proper drive operation.
SCSI defect and error management involves drive internal defect/error management and SAS system error considerations (errors in communications between the initiator and the drive). In addition, Seagate provides the following technologies used to increase  data integrity and drive reliability:

• Deferred Auto-Reallocation (see Section 9.4)
• Idle Read After Write (see Section 9.5)

The read error rates and specified storage capacities are not dependent on host (initiator) defect management routines.

9.1 Drive internal defects/errors
During the initial drive format operation at the factory, media defects are identified, tagged as being unusable, and their locations recorded on the drive primary defects list (referred to as the “P’ list and also as the ETF defect list). At factory format time, these  known defects are also reallocated, that is, reassigned to a new place on the medium and the location listed in the defects reallocation table. The “P” list is not altered after factory formatting. Locations of defects found and reallocated during error recovery  procedures after drive shipment are listed in the “G” list (defects growth list). The “P” and “G” lists may be referenced by the initiator using the Read Defect Data command.
Details of the SCSI commands supported by the drive are described in the SAS Interface Manual. Also, more information on the drive Error Recovery philosophy is presented in the SAS Interface Manual.
9.2 Drive error recovery procedures
When an error occurs during drive operation, the drive, if programmed to do so, performs error recovery procedures to attempt to recover the data. The error recovery procedures used depend on the options previously set in the Error Recovery Parameters mode page. Error recovery and defect management may involve using several SCSI commands described in the SAS Interface Manual. The drive implements selectable error recovery time limits required in video applications.
The error recovery scheme supported by the drive provides a way to control the total error recovery time for the entire command in addition to controlling the recovery level for a single LBA. The total amount of time spent in error recovery for a command can be  limited using the Recovery Time Limit bytes in the Error Recovery mode page. The total amount of time spent in error recovery for a single LBA can be limited using the Read Retry Count or Write Retry Count bytes in the Error Recovery mode page.
The drive firmware error recovery algorithms consist of 12 levels for read recoveries and five levels for write. Each level may consist of multiple steps, where a step is defined as a recovery function involving a single re- read or re-write attempt. The maximum level used by the drive in LBA recovery is determined by the read and write retry counts.
Table 6 equates the read and write retry count with the maximum possible recovery time for read and write recovery of individual LBAs. The times given do not include time taken to perform reallocations. Reallocations are performed when the ARRE bit (for reads) or AWRE bit (for writes) is one, the RC bit is zero, and the recovery time limit for the command has not yet been met. Time needed to perform reallocation is not counted against the recovery time limit.
When the RC bit is one, reallocations are disabled even if the ARRE or AWRE bits are one. The drive will still perform data recovery actions within the limits defined by the Read Retry Count, Write Retry Count, and Recovery Time Limit parameters. However,  the drive does not report any unrecovered errors.

Table 6 Read and write retry count maximum recovery time

Read retry count| Maximum recovery time per LBA (cumulative, ms)
---|---
|
1| 124.32
5| 621.62
10| 1243.23
15| 1864.85
20 (default)| 2486.47
Read retry count| Maximum recovery time per LBA (cumulative, ms)
---|---
1| 124.32
5| 621.62
10| 1243.23
15| 1864.85
20 (default)| 2486.47

• For read retry count, every tick ~ 5% of total error recovery. Valid range setting is 1-20.
  e.g. 1 ~ 5%
  5 ~ 25%
  20 ~ 100%
  Setting these retry counts to a value below the default setting could result in degradation of the unrecovered error rate. For example, suppose the read/write recovery page has the RC bit = 0 and if the read retry count is set to 5, this means ~ 25% of error  recovery will be executed which consumes 621.62 ms (please refer to the table above). If the limit is reached and a LBA has not yet been recovered (i.e. requires retries beyond 621.62 ms), the command will end with Check Condition status report and  unrecoverable read error will be reported.

9.3 SAS system errors
Information on the reporting of operational errors or faults across the interface is given in the SAS Interface Manual. The SSP Response returns information to the host about numerous kinds of errors or faults. The Receive Diagnostic Results reports the results  of diagnostic operations performed by the drive.
Status returned by the drive to the initiator is described in the SAS Interface Manual. Status reporting plays a role in systems error management and its use in that respect is described in sections where the various commands are discussed.
9.4 Deferred Auto-Reallocation
Deferred Auto-Reallocation (DAR) simplifies reallocation algorithms at the system level by allowing the drive to reallocate unreadable locations on a subsequent write command. Sites are marked for DAR during read operations performed by the drive. When a  write command is received for an LBA marked for DAR, the auto-reallocation process is invoked and attempts to rewrite the data to the original location. If a verification of this rewrite fails, the sector is re-mapped to a spare location.
This is in contrast to the system having to use the Reassign Command to reassign a location that was unreadable and then generate a write command to rewrite the data. DAR is most effective when AWRE and ARRE are enabled—this is the default setting from  the Seagate factory. With AWRE and ARRE disabled DAR is unable to reallocate the failing location and will report an error sense code indicating that a write command is being attempted to a previously failing location.
9.5 Idle Read After Write
Idle Read After Write (IRAW) utilizes idle time to verify the integrity of recently written data. During idle periods, no active system requests, the drive reads recently written data from the media and compares it to valid write command data resident in the drives  data buffer. Any sectors that fail the comparison result in the invocation of a rewrite and auto-reallocation process. The process attempts to rewrite the data to the original location. If a verification of this rewrite fails, the sector is re-mapped to a spare location.

9.6 Protection Information (PI)
Protection Information is intended as a standardized approach to system level LRC traditionally provided by systems using 520 byte formatted LBAs. Drives formatted with PI information provide the same, common LBA count (i.e. same capacity point) as non- PI formatted drives. Sequential performance of a PI drive will be reduced by approximately 1.56% due to the extra overhead of PI being transferred from the media that is not calculated as part of the data transferred to the host. To determine the full transfer rate  of a PI drive, transfers should be calculated by adding the 8 extra bytes of PI to the transferred LBA length, i.e. 512 + 8 = 520. PI formatted drives are physically formatted to 520 byte sectors that store 512 bytes of customer data with 8 bytes of Protection  Information appended to it. The advantage of PI is that the Protection Information bits can be managed at the HBA and HBA driver level. Allowing a system that typically does not support 520 LBA formats to integrate this level of protection.
Protection Information is valid with any supported LBA size. 512 LBA size is used here as common example.
9.6.1 Levels of PI
There are 4 types of Protection Information.
Type 0 – Describes a drive that is not formatted with PI information bytes. This allows for legacy support in non-PI systems.
Type 1 – Provides support of PI protection using 10 and 16 byte commands. The RDPROTECT and WRTPROTECT bits allow for checking control through the CDB. Eight bytes of Protection Information are transmitted at LBA boundaries across the interface if  RDPROTECT and WRTPROTECT bits are nonzero values. Type 1 does not allow the use of 32 byte commands.
Type 2 – Provides checking control and additional expected fields within the 32 byte CDBs. Eight bytes of Protection Information are transmitted at LBA boundaries across the interface if RDPROTECT and WRTPROTECT bits are nonzero values. Type 2 does  allow the use of 10 and 16 byte commands with zero values in the RDPROTECT and WRTPROTECT fields. The drive will generate 8 bytes (e.g.0xFFFF) 8 bytes of Protection Information to be stored on the media, but the 8 bytes will not be transferred to the host during a read command.
Type 3 – Seagate products do not support Type 3.
9.6.2 Setting and determining the current Type Level
A drive is initialized to a type of PI by using the format command on a PI capable drive. Once a drive is formatted to a PI Type, it may be queried by a Read Capacity (16) command to report the PI type which it is currently formatted to. PI Types cannot coexist on  a single drive. A drive can only be formatted to a single PI Type. It can be changed at anytime to a new Type but requires a low level format which destroys all existing data on the drive. No other vehicle for changing the PI type is provided by the T10 SBC3 specification.
Type 1 PI format CDB command: 04 90 00 00 00 00, Write Buffer: 00 A0 00 00
Type 2 PI format CDB command: 04 D0 00 00 00 00, Write Buffer: 00 A0 00 00
9.6.3 Identifying a Protection Information drive
The Standard Inquiry provides a bit to indicate if PI is support by the drive. Vital Product Descriptor (VPD) page 0x86 provides bits to indicate the PI Types supported and which PI fields the drive supports checking.

Note
For further details with respect to PI, please refer to SCSI Block Commands – 3 (SBC-3) Draft Standard documentation.

Installation

Exos X18 disk drive installation is a plug-and-play process. There are no jumpers, switches, or terminators on the drive.
SAS drives are designed to be used in a host system that provides a SAS- compatible backplane with bays designed to accommodate the drive. In such systems, the host system typically provides a carrier or tray into which users need to mount the drive. Mount  the drive to the carrier or tray provided by the host system only using 6-32 UNC mounting screws. The screws should be inserted no more than 0.140 in (3.56mm) into the bottom or side mounting holes. When tightening the screws, do not overtighten use a  maximum torque of 6 in-lb. Users can mount the drive in any orientation.

Note
SAS drives are designed to be attached to the host system without I/O or power cables. If users intend the use the drive in a non-backplane host system, connecting the drive using high-quality cables is acceptable as long as the I/O cable length does not exceed 4  meters (13.1 feet).

Slide the carrier or tray into the appropriate bay in the host system using the instructions provided by the host system. This connects the drive directly to the system’s SAS connector. The SAS connector is normally located on a SAS backpanel. See Section 11.4.1  for additional information about these connectors.
Power is supplied through the SAS connector.
The drive is shipped from the factory low-level formatted in 512-byte logical blocks. Users need to reformat the drive only if selecting a different logical block size.

Figure 8. Physical interface
Note
Image is for reference only, may not represent actual drive.
10.1 Drive orientation
The drive may be mounted in any orientation. All drive performance characterizations, however, have been done with the drive in horizontal (discs level) and vertical (drive on its side) orientations, which are the two preferred mounting orientations.

10.2 Cooling
Cabinet cooling must be designed by the customer so that the ambient temperature immediately surrounding the drive will not exceed temperature conditions specified in Section 6.6.1, “Temperature.”
The rack, cabinet, or drawer environment for the drive must provide heat removal from the electronics and head and disk assembly (HDA). Users should confirm that adequate heat removal is provided using the temperature measurement guidelines described in Section 6.6.1.
Forced air flow may be required to keep temperatures at or below the temperatures specified in Section 6.6.1 in which case the drive should be oriented, or air flow directed, so that the least amount of air flow resistance is created while providing air flow to the  electronics and HDA. Also, the shortest possible path between the air inlet and exit should be chosen to minimize the travel length of air heated by the drive and other heat sources within the rack, cabinet, or drawer environment.
If forced air is determined to be necessary, possible air-flow patterns are shown in Figure 9. The air-flow patterns are created by one or more fans, either forcing or drawing air as shown in the illustrations. Conduction, convection, or other forced air-flow  patterns are acceptable as long as the temperature measurement guidelines of Section 6.6.1 are met.

Note Image is for reference only, may not represent actual drive.

10.3 Drive mounting
Mount the drive using the bottom or side mounting holes. If mounting the drive using the bottom holes, ensure the drive is not physically distorted by attempting to mount it on a stiff, non-flat surface.
The allowable mounting surface stiffness is 80 lb/in (14.0 N/mm). The following equation and paragraph define the allowable mounting surface stiffness:
K x X = F < 15lb = 67N
where K is the mounting surface stiffness (units in lb/in or N/mm) and X is the out-of-plane surface distortion (units in inches or millimeters). The out- of-plane distortion (X) is determined by defining a plane with three of the four mounting points fixed and  evaluating the out-of-plane deflection of the fourth mounting point when a known force (F) is applied to the fourth point.
10.4 Grounding
Signal ground (PCBA) and HDA ground are connected together in the drive and cannot be separated by the user. The equipment in which the drive is mounted is connected directly to the HDA and PCBA with no electrically isolating shock mounts. If it is desired  for the system chassis to not be connected to the HDA/PCBA ground, the systems integrator or user must provide a nonconductive (electrically isolating) method of mounting the drive in the host equipment.
Increased radiated emissions may result if users do not provide the maximum surface area ground connection between system ground and drive ground. This is the system designer’s and integrator’s responsibility.

Interface requirements

This section partially describes the interface requirements as implemented on Exos X18 drives. Additional information is provided in the SAS Interface Manual (part number 100293071).
11.1 SAS features
This section lists the SAS-specific features supported by Exos X18 drives.
11.1.1 task management functions
Table 7 lists the SAS task management functions supported.

11.1.2 task management responses
Table 8 lists the SAS response codes returned for task management functions supported.
Table 8 Task management response codes

11.2 Dual port support
Exos X18 SAS drives have two independent ports. These ports may be connected in the same or different SCSI domains. Each drive port has a unique SAS address.
The two ports have the capability of independent port clocking (e.g. both ports can run at 12Gb/s or the first port can run at 6Gb/s while the second port runs at 3Gb/s.) The supported link rates are 3.0, 6.0, or 12.0 Gb/s.
Subject to buffer availability, the Exos X18 drives support:

• Concurrent port transfers—The drive supports receiving COMMAND, TASK management transfers on both ports at the same time.
• Full duplex—The drive supports sending XFER_RDY, DATA and RESPONSE transfers while receiving frames on both ports.

11.3 SCSI commands supported
Table 9 lists the SCSI commands supported by Exos X18 drives.
Table 9 Supported commands

only)
Read Buffer (16) (modes 0, 1c, 2, 3, Ah and Bh supported)| 9Bh| Y (non-SED drives only)
Read Capacity (10)| 25h| Y
Read Capacity (16)| 9Eh/10h| Y
Read Defect Data (10)| 37h| Y
Read Defect Data (12)| B7h| Y
Read Long (10)| 3Eh| Y (non-SED drives only)
Read Long (16)| 9Eh/11h| Y (non-SED drives only)
Reassign Blocks| 07h| Y
Receive Diagnostic Results| 1Ch| Y
Supported Diagnostics pages (00h)| | Y
Translate page (40h)| | Y
Release (6)| 17h| Y
Release (10)| 57h| Y
Remove Element And Truncate| 9Eh/18h| Y
Report Identifying Information| A3h/05h| Y
Report LUNs| A0h| Y
Report Supported Operation Codes| A3h/0Ch| Y
Report Supported Task Management Functions| A3h/0Dh| Y
Report Timestamp| A3h/0Fh| Y
Request Sense| 03h| Y
Actual Retry Count bytes| | Y
Extended Sense| | Y
Field Pointer bytes| | Y
Reserve (6)| 16h| Y
3rd Party Reserve| | Y
Extent Reservation| | N
Reserve (10)| 56h| Y
3rd Party Reserve| | Y
Command name| Command code| Supported [4]
---|---|---
Extent Reservation| | N
Restore Elements and Rebuild| 9Eh/19h| Y
Rezero Unit (6)| 01h| Y
Sanitize| 48h| Y
Block Erase| 48h / 02h| N
Cryptographic Erase| 48h / 03h| Y (SED only)
Overwrite| 48h / 01h| Y
Sanitize Exit| 48h / 1Fh| Y
Search Data Equal| 31h| N
Search Data High| 30h| N
Search Data Low| 32h| N
Security Protocol In| A2h| Y (SED models only)
Security Protocol Out| B5h| Y (SED models only)
Seek (6)| 0Bh| Y
Seek (10)| 2Bh| Y
Send Diagnostics| 1Dh| Y
Supported Diagnostics pages (00h)| | Y
Translate page (40h)| | Y
Set Identifying Information| A4h/06h| Y
Set Limits| 33h| N
Set Timestamp| A4h/0Fh| Y
Start Unit/Stop Unit (spindle ceases rotating)| 1Bh| Y
Synchronize Cache (10)| 35h| Y
Synchronize Cache (16)| 91h| Y
Test Unit Ready| 00h| Y
Verify (10)| 2Fh| Y
BYTCHK bit| | Y
Verify (12)| AFh| N
Verify (16)| 8Fh| Y
Verify (32)| 7Fh/000Ah| Y
Write (6)| 0Ah| Y
Write (10)| 2Ah| Y
DPO bit| | Y
FUA bit| | Y
Write (12)| AAh| N
Write (16)| 8Ah| Y
Write (32)| 7Fh/000Bh| Y
Write and Verify (10)| 2Eh| Y
DPO bit| | Y
Write and Verify (12)| AEh| N
Write and Verify (16)| 8Eh| Y
Command name| Command code| Supported [4]
---|---|---
Write and Verify (32)| 7Fh/000Ch| Y
Write Buffer (modes 0, 1A, 1C, 2, 6, A, D, E, F supported)| 3Bh| Y (non-SED drives only)
Firmware Download option (modes 4, 5, 7, Ah and E) [3]| | Y (non-SED drives only)
Firmware Download option (modes 4, 5, 7)| | Y (SED drives only)
Write Long (10)| 3Fh| Y
Write Long (16)| 9Fh/11h| Y
Write Same (10) [5]| 41h| Y
PBdata| | N
LBdata| | N
Write Same (16) [5]| 93h| Y
Write Same (32)| 7Fh/000Dh| Y
XDRead| 52h| N
XDWrite| 50h| N
XPWrite| 51h| N
[1] Exos X18 drives can format to 512, 520 or 528 bytes per logical block.
[2] Warning. Power loss during flash programming can result in firmware corruption. This usually makes the drive inoperable.
[3] Reference Mode Sense command 1Ah for mode pages supported.
[4] Y = Yes. Command is supported.
N = No. Command is not supported.
A = Support is available on special request.
[5] Approximately 1.5 increase in time to complete this command for a SED drive versus a non-SED drive of the same capacity.

11.3.1 Inquiry data
Table 10 lists the Inquiry command data that the drive should return to the initiator per the format given in the SAS Interface Manual.
Table 10 Exos X18 inquiry data

ID
16-31| [53| 54| 31| 38| 30| 30| 30| 4E| 4D| 30| 30| 34| 4A]| 20| 20| 20| Product ID
32-47| R#| R#| R#| R#| S#| S#| S#| S#| S#| S#| S#| S#| 00| 00| 00| 00|
48-63| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00|
64-79| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00|
80-95| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00| 00|
96-111| 00| 43| 6F| 70| 79| 72| 69| 67| 68| 74| 20| 28| 63| 29| 20| 32| Copyright
112-127| 30| 32| 31*| 20| 53| 65| 61| 67| 61| 74| 65| 20| 41| 6C| 6C| 20| notice
128-143| 72| 69| 67| 68| 74| 73| 20| 72| 65| 73| 65| 72| 76| 65| 64| 20|

• Copyright year (changes with actual year).
  ** SCSI Revision support. See the appropriate SPC release documentation for definitions.
  PP 10 = Inquiry data for an Inquiry command received on Port A.
  30 = Inquiry data for an Inquiry command received on Port B.
  R# Four ASCII digits representing the last four digits of the product firmware release number.
  S# Eight ASCII digits representing the eight digits of the product serial number.
  [ ] Bytes 16 through 28 reflect model of drive. The table above shows the hex values for Model ST18000NM004J.
  Refer to the values below for the values of bytes 16 through 28 of a particular model:

Block Descriptor:
00 00 00 08 2F 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 (512E)
00 00 00 01 05 F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 (4KN)
Mode Pages:
Seagate Specific Unit Attention parameters (00h)
DEF:
80 0E 00 80 0F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
CHG:
80 0E B7 C0 8F 00 00 00 00 00 FF FF 00 00 80 00
Read-Write Error Recovery (01h)
DEF:
81 0A C0 14 FF 00 00 00 05 00 FF FF
CHG:
81 0A EF FF 00 00 00 00 FF 00 FF FF
Disconnect-Reconnect (02h)
DEF:
82 0E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A0 00 00 00 00
CHG:
82 0E 00 00 FF FF 00 00 FF FF FF FF 00 00 00 00
Format Parameters (03h)
DEF:
83 16 BB D0 00 00 00 00 03 80 04 C4 10 00 00 01 00 A0 00 24 40 00 00 00
CHG:
83 16 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Rigid Drive Geometry Parameters (04h)
DEF:
84 16 08 62 F5 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1C 20 00 00
CHG:
84 16 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Verify Error Recovery (07h)
DEF:
87 0A 00 14 FF 00 00 00 00 00 FF FF
CHG:
87 0A 0F FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF FF
Caching (08h)
DEF:
88 12 14 00 FF FF 00 00 FF FF FF FF 90 20 00 00 00 00 00 00
CHG:
88 12 A5 00 00 00 FF FF FF FF 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Control (0Ah)
DEF:
8A 0A 06 00 00 80 00 00 00 00 FF FF (512E)
DEF:
8A 0A 02 00 00 80 00 00 00 00 FF FF (4KN)
CHG:
8A 0A 0F F6 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00
Protocol Specific Logical Unit (18h)
DEF:
18 06 06 00 00 00 00 00
CHG:
18 06 00 00 00 00 00 00
Protocol Specific Port (19h)
DEF:
99 0E 46 00 07 D0 07 D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
CHG:
99 0E 50 00 FF FF FF FF FF FF 00 00 00 00 00 00
Power Condition (1Ah)
DEF:
9A 26 00 06 00 00 00 01 00 00 23 28 00 00 04 B0 00 00 17 70 00 00 17 70 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 58
CHG:
9A 26 01 0F FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FC
Informational Exceptions Control (1Ch)
DEF:
9C 0A 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01
CHG:
9C 0A 9D 0F FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF

11.4 Miscellaneous operating features and conditions
Table 12 lists various features and conditions. A “Y” in the support column indicates the feature or condition is supported. An “N” in the support column indicates the feature or condition is not supported.
Table 12 Miscellaneous features

bytes

Table 13 Miscellaneous status

11.4.1 SAS physical interface
Figure 10 shows the location of the SAS device connector J1. Figures 11 and 12 provide the dimensions of the SAS connector.
Details of the physical, electrical, and logical characteristics are provided within this section. The operational aspects of Seagate’s SAS drives are provided in the SAS Interface Manual.

11.4.2 Physical characteristics
This section defines physical interface connector.
11.4.3 Connector requirements
Contact the preferred connector manufacturer for mating part information. Part numbers for SAS connectors will be provided in a future revision of this publication when production parts are available from major connector manufacturers.
The SAS device connector is illustrated in Figures 11 and 12.
11.4.4 Electrical description
SAS drives use the device connector for:
• DC power
•SAS interface
• Activity LED
This connector is designed to either plug directly into a backpanel or accept cables.
11.4.5 Pin descriptions
This section provides a pin-out of the SAS device and a description of the functions provided by the pins.

Table 14 SAS pin descriptions

• Short pin to support hot plugging
  ** Power Disable (T10 Industry Standard) for remote management of the end device. Allows power cycling / power saving to be controlled by the host via interface pin 3.
  † P1 & P2 tied for visible host detection.

11.4.6 SAS transmitters and receivers
A typical SAS differential copper transmitter and receiver pair is shown in Figure 13. The receiver is AC coupling to eliminate ground shift noise.

11.4.7 Power
The drive receives power (+5 volts and +12 volts) through the SAS device connector.
Three +12 volt pins provide power to the drive, 2 short and 1 long. The current return for the +12 volt power supply is through the common ground pins. The supply current and return current must be distributed as evenly as possible among the pins.
Three +5 volt pins provide power to the drive, 2 short and 1 long. The current return for the +5 volt power supply is through the common ground pins. The supply current and return current must be distributed as evenly as possible among the pins.
Current to the drive through the long power pins may be limited by the system to reduce inrush current to the drive during hot plugging.
11.5 Signal characteristics
This section describes the electrical signal characteristics of the drive’s input and output signals. See Table 14 for signal type and signal name information.
11.5.1 Ready LED Out
The Ready LED Out signal is driven by the drive as indicated in Table 15.

Table 15 Ready LED Out conditions

off for 0.5 seconds)
Format in progress, each cylinder change| Toggles on/off

The Ready LED Out signal is designed to pull down the cathode of an LED. The anode is attached to the proper +3.3 volt supply through an appropriate current limiting resistor. The LED and the current limiting resistor are external to the drive. See Table 16 for  the output characteristics of the LED drive signals.

11.5.2 Differential signals
The drive SAS differential signals comply with the intra-enclosure (internal connector) requirements of the SAS standard.
Table 17 defines the general interface characteristics.
Table 17 General interface characteristics

Characteristic| Units| 1.5Gb/s| 3.0Gb/s| 6.0Gb/s| 12 Gbps
---|---|---|---|---|---
Bit rate (nominal)| Mbaud| 1,500| 3,000| 6,000| 12000
Unit interval (UI) (nominal)| ps| 666.6| 333.3| 166.6| 83.3
Impedance (nominal, differential)| ohm| 100| 100| 100| 100
Transmitter transients, maximum| V| ± 1.2| ± 1.2| ± 1.2| ± 1.2
Receiver transients, maximum| V| ± 1.2| ± 1.2| ± 1.2| ± 1.2

11.6 SAS-3 Specification Compliance
Seagate SAS-3 compatible drives are compliant with the latest SAS-3 Specification (T10/BSR INCITS 519 rev. 06).
The main difference from SAS-2 is the Tx and Rx training that allows the host and drive to adjust the amplitude and emphasis values to the channel. The receiver still employs Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) and Feed Forward Equalizer (FFE) circuitry to accomplish this training.

1. A Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) which utilizes the standard SAS-2 training pattern transmitted during the SNW-3 training gap. The DFE circuit can derive an optimal equalization characteristic to compensate for many of the receive losses in the system.
2. A Feed Forward Equalizer (FFE) optimized to provide balanced receive margins over a range of channels bounded by the best and worst case channels as defined by the relevant ANSI standard.

11.7 Additional information
Please contact the Seagate representative for SAS electrical details, if required.
For more information about the Phy, Link, Transport, and Applications layers of the SAS interface, refer to the Seagate SAS Interface Manual, part number 100293071.
For more information about the SCSI commands used by Seagate SAS drives, refer to the Seagate SCSI Commanrds Reference Manual, part number 100293068.

Seagate Technology LLC
AMERICAS Seagate Technology LLC 47488 Kato Road, Fremont, California 94538, United States, 510-661-1000
Publication Number: 100865853, Rev. H
May 2023

References

• About NIST's Security Testing, Validation and Measurement Group | CSRC
• Cryptographic Module Validation Program | CSRC
• The Leader in Mass Data Storage Solutions | Seagate US
• Contact Us | Seagate US
• Contact Us | Seagate UK
• Warranty & Replacements | Support Seagate US
• SFF Specifications | SNIA
• Welcome To Trusted Computing Group | Trusted Computing Group
• Rescue Data Recovery Services | Seagate UK

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