Geolux GLX-RSS-4 FMCW Radar Surveillance Sensor User Manual

Geolux GLX-RSS-4 FMCW Radar Surveillance Sensor

Starting Point

Thank you for purchasing the Geolux GLX-RSS-4 radar sensor! We have put together the experience of our engineers, the domain knowledge of our customers, the enthusiasm of our team, and the manufacturing excellence to deliver this product to you. You may freely rely on our field-proven technology for intrusion detection and collecting statistics on detected targets. The use of advanced RF technology and signal processing algorithms ensures that Geolux Radar Sensor can be used in any intrusion detection, perimeter monitoring or similar surveillance application. Although we are certain that you are more than capable of connecting the Radar Surveillance Sensor to your system, we have created this User Manual to assist you in setting up and using the Geolux Radar Surveillance Sensor device. Should there be any questions left unanswered, please feel free to contact us directly:

• Geolux d.o.o.
• Ljudevita Gaja 62
• 10430 Samobor
• Croatia
  E-mail: geolux@geolux.hr

Specification

FCC compliance

This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

•  This device may not cause harmful interference, and

• this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

1. Range-Doppler spectrum extraction from the signal processing could reduce the refresh rate of the signal processing in the radar.
2. False alarm ratio is measured on a flat grass field in sunny weather conditions and with light wind.

FCC Part 15.21 – Information to the user/installer
Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
FCC 15.105(b) – Information to the user/installer
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

ISED Notices

This device contains license-exempt transmitter(s)/receiver(s) that comply with Innovation, Science, and Economic Development Canada’s license-exempt RSS(s). Operation is subject to the following two conditions: This device may not cause interference. This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.

RADIATION EXPOSURE STATEMENT

The device meets the exemption from the routine evaluation limits in section 2.5 of RSS 102. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20 centimeters between the radiator and users.

Connector Pin-Out

The Radar Surveillance Sensor RSS-4 uses a single or dual connector to interface external systems: circular M12 IP68 connector with 8 positions for Ethernet connection with PoE supply option and additional M12 IP68 12 positions connector with additional interfaces and connectivity options.

Details of the 8 and 12 position M12 connectors are shown in Picture 2. Tables 2 and 3 give a detailed description of each pin.

Connector and cable pin-out

the power supply.
2| Brown| | +Vin| The power supply for the Radar is provided on this pin. The Radar power supply voltage must be in the range 9 VDC to 48 VDC, and the power supply must

be able to provide at last 15W.

3| Green| | RS232 – TxD| RS-232 data transmit signal.
4| Yellow| | RS232 – RxD| RS-232 data receive signal.
5| Grey| | GND| Signal ground.
6| Pink| | CAN – H| CAN2.0B high signal.
7| Blue| | CAN – L| CAN2.0B low signal.
8| Violet| | RS485 – D+| RS-485 data transmitter/receiver high signal.
9| Orange| | RS485 – D-| RS-485 data transmitter/receiver low signal.
10| Red| | Output 1| Alarm 1 – open collector switch signal max. 60mA
11| Black| | Input 1| General purpose input 1 – low active
12| Purple| | Input 2| General purpose input 2 – low active

To simplify installation and improve reliability cable with an over-molded 12pin M12 connector with IP68 protection is supplied with the radar. The cable has an over-molded ferrite core (Wurth Elektronik 742 700 777) for EMI reduction and system protection.

Connector and cable pin-out

To simplify installation and improve reliability cable with an over-molded 8pin M12 connector with IP68 protection is supplied with the radar connected to the RJ45 standard Ethernet connector on the other side of the cable. GPS antenna connection is implemented with an SMA connector on the back of the device. An active GPS antenna with a +5V power supply is recommended for the best performance. GPS receiver is used for synchronization purposes and antenna location is not particularly important if good visibility of the sky is assured.

RSS-4 Radar Sensor Installation

The Surveillance Radar Sensor installation should be done by skilled personnel to avoid any damage to the device. Radar Sensor can be pole-mounted or mounted to the fixed object. It is also possible to mount Surveillance Radar Sensor to the tripod for mobile applications. Fixing of the Surveillance Radar Sensor is done by four M6 screws on the backside of the device. The maximum length of the screws penetrating the mounting hole on the backside of the device must be less than 8mm. All four screws must be used for safe operation of the device. Drawing of mounting hole spacing and dimension for RSS-4 sensor is shown on the picture 3. It is also recommended to use thread locker glue for a better lock of screws. Radar assembly was tested for vibrations and screw locking with Loctite 243 medium strength thread locker glue. In all mounting variants, the Surveillance Radar Sensor should be solidly fixed to the holder and the holder should be implemented solid to reduce vibrations and movements of the device. In case radar is moving or strong vibrations are present on the device false detections of void targets are possible. The detection range of the radar is also very dependable on the radar installation. In general, radar can detect targets that are visible to the radar and not in the “radar shadow” with maximal detection distance proportional to the radar cross-section of the target. For the average single human walking towards the radar detection range of 150m can be achieved when Surveillance Radar Sensor is mounted to the rigid pole 3m above the ground. The minimal guaranteed distance from the radar where detection is possible is 3m. For the best radar operation near the field zone the radar should be clear of obstacles and objects. It is recommended to have a clear zone of a minimum of 2m around the radar in all directions and if this is not possible, at least the zone in front of radar ±65° in the vertical and horizontal axis and radius of 2m must be clear. If there are obstacles, especially reflective obstacles in this zone in front of radar this could cause the very strong return of the radio frequency signal to the radar and it could cause saturation of the input low noise amplifier circuits on the receiver decreasing detection abilities of the radar significantly.

Coverage area design guidelines

For the best radar positioning and optimal coverage area design there are a few basic factors to take into account when designing coverage area:

•  Radar sensor coverage area for the RSS-4 sensor
•  Minimal target return signal to be detected
•  Shape and obstacles in the radar coverage area

RSS-4 Coverage Area

The radar sensor can detect all objects (targets) stationary or move at the angle of 90° (±45°) on the horizontal axis and it can detect all objects at the angle of 22° (±11°) in the vertical axis. The detection range is symmetrical to the left and right side in the horizontal plane and it is symmetrical in the same way in the vertical axis plane. The minimal distance from radar for the target to be detected is 4m. The maximal distance for the target with a radar cross-section of 0,75m2 and detection probability of 99% is 150m on flat short grass terrain. Drawing of the horizontal and vertical radar coverage area is shown on the pictures 4 and picture 5.

Minimal detectable target

An RSS-4 radar sensor detects moving and stationary targets in the radar field of view by transmitting modulated electromagnetic waves in 24 GHz frequency range (K-band), and measuring the frequency shift of the reflected electromagnetic wave. Reflection of the electromagnetic wave from the target is making it detectable and the stronger the reflection is, the better are the chances to detect the target and the target will be detectable at a greater distance from the radar sensor. Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is with radar. Several different factors determine how much electromagnetic energy returns to the source such as:

• material of which the target is made
• the absolute size of the target
• the relative size of the target (in relation to the wavelength of the illuminating radar)
• the incident angle (the angle at which the radar beam hits a portion of the target which depends upon the shape of the target and its orientation to the radar source)
• reflected angle (the angle at which the reflected beam leaves the part of the target hit, it depends upon incident angle)
• the polarization of transmitted and the received radiation in respect to the orientation of the target

In respect to the above factors that are defining target radar cross-section and target detect ability by the radars, some typical values of the measurement radar cross-section for typical targets are:

• Insect: 0,00001 m2 (-50dBsm)
• Small bird: 0,008 m2 (-20,97dBsm)
• Large bird: 0,01 m2 (-20dBsm)
• Crawling human: 0,25 m2 (-6 dBsm)
• Walking human: 0,75 m2 (-1,25dBsm)
• Average car: 4 to 8 m2 (6 to 9 dBsm)
• Average truck: 6 to 10 m2 (7,78 to 10dBsm)

Average RCS measurement is averaged in reflected angle and time. RCS for most targets is not constant for all incident and reflected angles and it is not constant in time as the consequence of the target moving. A typical measurement of radar cross-section for the standing human at all angles is shown in picture 6.

To overcome problems with changes of the RCS and signal variations on the receiver of the radar, RSS-4 is sampling complete field of view many times in the second to get better reliability of the detection. Variations of the RCS as a factor of the incident angle can’t be avoided but in 24GHz band differences of the RCS as the factor of angle are relatively low and are changed very fast over the angle so this problem is also avoided with multiple scanning per second and averaging of the results

The shape of the monitored area

The shape of the monitored area that must be covered by the radars will mostly affect radar arrangement and quantity required to cover the area. In some cases, it will be possible to cover the area with a single radar, in some cases more radars will be required to cover the area. When designing radar placement and coverage area there are a few simple rules to be followed to get the best results:

• Avoid mounting of the radar sensor on height below 2m
• Detection possibility for the target is better when more radars are sensing the same area and the radar detection range overlapping will increase detection possibility.
• If possible, avoid all obstacles in the radar coverage area
• If a strongly reflective (usually metal, reinforced concrete, or similar) obstacle is present in the radar field of view it will create radar shadow, and detection of the targets behind the obstacle will not be possible. To check radar shadow area simple ray-tracing method can be used.
• Vegetation and other not strongly reflective objects in the radar detection area will reduce the return signal from the target to the radar and will reduce the detection range of the radar or/and probability for the target to be detected. Typical light vegetation (bushes, small trees, etc.) can reduce the detection range for 0,75m2 RCS target by an average of 10 to 50m and in extreme cases even more. Heavy vegetation like forests can reduce the detection range for 0,75m2 RCS target by average 10m to 75m, or more in extreme cases. Radar beam penetration ratio to the vegetation depends also on the water content in the vegetation so it is expected that wet vegetation will reduce penetration more than dry vegetation. This ratio is dependent on many factors but in most cases the average value of 25%degradation of performance for wet vegetation can be used.
• It is not recommended to mount radar if more than one radar is used to cover some area in the way that radars are on the same horizontal and vertical axis line.
• In general, it is better to place radar as high as possible above the ground. A special case is only when the radar is mounted in the closed space or under the cover of some kind. In this case, the radar should be mounted 1m from the roof if possible.
• If radar height is above 0,65m and radar sensor is mounted with the horizontal angle of 0° the minimal detection distance will be greater than 4m which is a minimal detectable distance. For higher radar sensor mounting this distance will. be larger, and it can be simply calculated from basic geometry. To decrease minimal detection distance tilt down of the sensor can be used. It is recommended to keep tilt down in range from 0° to 9°.
• When using wireless links to connect radar sensors to the control center or some other radio frequency equipment is used on the location it is recommended to move antennas of this equipment minimum 2m from the RSS-4 radar sensor.
• When mounting RSS-4 radar sensors to the pole it is mandatory to ground the pole and to implement lighting protection of the pole. RSS-4 radar sensors are very robust designed and have protected all power supply and communication lines internally, but lighting protection is not implemented for direct lighting strike to the device or mounting pole.

Initial radar setup

The unit configuration is done through the web-based user interface. To access the user interface, connect the radar to the Ethernet network, and then access the radar interface through a web browser of a PC computer that is connected to the same Ethernet network. Default factory settings for connection to the radar are:

• Default IP address: 192.168.0.208
• Default password: radarpwd
• Configuration interface:http://192.168.0.208/
• Boot time: 1 min

Mechanical design

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