MOXA EDS-G4012 Series EtherDevice Switch Installation Guide
- June 6, 2024
- MOXA
Table of Contents
- MOXA EDS-G4012 Series EtherDevice Switch
- Package Checklist
- Default Settings
- Panel Views of EDS-G4012 Series
- Installation
- Wiring Requirements
- Grounding the Moxa EDS Series
- Communication Connections
- Console Port Connection
- USB Connection
- Reset Button
- Turbo Ring DIP Switch Settings
- LED Indicators
- Specifications
- References
- Read User Manual Online (PDF format)
- Download This Manual (PDF format)
MOXA EDS-G4012 Series EtherDevice Switch
Package Checklist
The EDS-G4012 Series industrial DIN-rail EtherDevice Switch (EDS) is shipped with the following items. If any of these items are missing or damaged, please contact your customer service representative for assistance.
- 1 EDS-G4012 Ethernet switch
- Quick installation guide (printed)
- Warranty card
- Substance disclosure table
- Product certificate of quality inspection (Simplified Chinese)
- Product notices (Simplified Chinese)
NOTE You can find information and software downloads on the relevant product pages located on Moxa’s website: www.moxa.com
Default Settings
- IP address: 192.168.127.253
- Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
- Username: admin
- Password: moxa
Panel Views of EDS-G4012 Series
Front Panel View
- 1000BaseT(X) LED indicator
- 10/100BaseT(X) LED indicator
- 10/100/1000BaseT(X) ports, Port 1 to 8
- 10/100/1000BaseT(X) or 100/1000BaseSFP combo ports, Port G1 to G4
- 100/1000BaseSFP LED indicator
- Grounding connector screw
- Terminal blocks for power input, digital input, and relay output
- LED indicators: STATE (S), FAULT (F), PWR1 (P1), PWR2 (P2), MSTR/HEAD (M/H), CPLR/TAIL (C/T), SYNC
- Console port (RJ45, RS-232)
- USB storage port (type A, currently disabled)
- Model name
- 100/1000/2500BaseSFP port, QG1 to QG4
- SmartPoE LED indicator of PoE ports
- 1000/2500BaseSFP LED indicator
Bottom Panel View
- microSD card slot (currently disabled)
- Reset button
- DIP switches for Turbo Ring, Ring Master, and Ring Coupler
Mounting Dimensions
DIN-rail Mounting
The DIN-rail mounting kit is fixed to the back panel of the EDS device when you take it out of the box. Mount the EDS device on corrosion-free mounting rails that meet the EN 60715 standard.
Installation
STEP 1— Insert the upper lip of the DIN rail into the DIN-rail mounting
kit.
STEP 2— Press the EDS device towards the DIN rail until it snaps into
place.
Removal
STEP 1— Pull down the latch on the mounting kit with a screwdriver.
STEP 2 & 3—Slightly pull the EDS device forward and lift up to remove it
from the DIN rail. NOTE Our DIN rail kit now utilizes a quick
release mechanism to make it easier for users to remove the DIN rail from the
EDS device.
Wall Mounting (Optional)
For some applications, you will find it convenient to mount the Moxa EDS device on a wall, as shown in the following illustrations:
-
STEP 1— Remove the aluminum DIN-rail attachment plate from the rear panel of the EDS device, as illustrated in the diagram on the right.
-
STEP 2— Mounting the EDS device on a wall requires six screws. Use the EDS device, with wall mount plates attached, as a guide to mark the correct locations of the six screws. The heads of the screws should be less than 6.0 mm in diameter, and the shafts should be less than 3.5 mm in diameter, as shown in the figure on at right. NOTE Before tightening the screws into the wall, make sure the screw head and shank size are suitable by inserting the screw through one of the keyhole-shaped apertures of the Wall Mounting Plates.
NOTE Do not screw the screws in all the way—leave about 2 mm to allow room for sliding the wall mount panel between the wall and the screws. -
STEP 3— Once the screws are fixed to the wall, insert the four screw heads through the wide parts of the keyhole-shaped apertures, and then slide the EDS device downwards, as indicated in the figure at the right. Tighten the four screws for more stability.
Wiring Requirements
Safety First!
External metal parts are hot. Take the necessary precautions if you are
required to handle the device.
ATTENTION
In order to ensure reliable operations, please make sure the operating
temperature of the environment does not exceed the specifications. When
mounting an EDS device with other operating units in a cabinet without forced
ventilation, a minimum of 4 cm space on both the left and right of the switch
is recommended.
Safety First!
Be sure to disconnect the power cord before installing and/or wiring your EDS
device. Calculate the maximum possible current in each power wire and common
wire. Observe all electrical codes dictating the maximum current allowable for
each wire size. If the current goes above the maximum ratings, the wiring
could overheat, causing serious damage to your equipment.
Be sure to read and follow these important points below:
-
Use separate paths to route wiring for power and devices. If power wiring and device wiring paths must cross, make sure the wires are perpendicular at the intersection point.
NOTE Do not run signal or communications wiring and power wiring through the same wire conduit. To avoid interference, wires with different signal characteristics should be routed separately. -
You can use the type of signal transmitted through a wire to determine which wires should be kept separate. The rule of thumb is that wiring that shares similar electrical characteristics can be bundled together.
-
You should separate input wiring from output wiring.
-
We advise that you label the wiring to all devices in your system.
Grounding the Moxa EDS Series
Grounding and wire routing help limit the effects of noise due to
electromagnetic interference (EMI). Run the ground connection from the ground
screw to the grounding surface prior to connecting devices.
ATTENTION
This product is intended to be mounted to a well-grounded mounting surface
such as a metal panel.
Suggested Wire Type for Wiring Relay Contact
(R), Digital Input (DI), and Power Inputs (P1/P2)
The EDS device includes two 4-pins 3.5 mm pin-pitch terminal blocks. When
wiring the relay contact (R), digital input (DI), and power inputs (P1/P2) for
the EDS device, we suggest using the cable type – AWG 18-24 and the
corresponding pin type cable terminals.
NOTE The wire must be able to withstand at least 105°C and the torque
value should be 4.5 lb-in (0.51 N-m).
NOTE We suggest the length of the pin type cable terminal is 8 mm. In
order to tighten the wire properly, ① use a small flathead screwdriver to
press the push-in button beside each terminal of the terminal block connector
before and during ② inserting the wire. ③ Release the screwdriver after the
wire has been fully inserted. Please refer to the diagram below.
Wiring the Relay Contact
The EDS device has one set of relay output. This relay contact uses two
contacts of the terminal block on the EDS’s power module. Refer to the section
for detailed instructions on how to connect the wires to the terminal block
connector, and how to attach the terminal block connector to the terminal
block receptor. Relay:
The two contacts of the 4-pin terminal block connector are used to detect
user-configured events. The two wires attached to the relay contact form an
open circuit when a user-configured event is triggered or there is no power
supply to the switch. If a user-configured event does not occur, the relay
circuit remains closed.
Wiring the Redundant Power Inputs
The EDS device includes both high-voltage and low-voltage products. For the
low-voltage (LV models) products, there are two power inputs for redundancy;
for the high-voltage (HV models) products, there is only one power input.
Refer to the instructions and diagram below on how to connect the wires to the
terminal block connector on the receptor.
- STEP 1: Insert the Positive/Negative DC or Line/Neutral AC wires into the V+/V- or L/N terminals, respectively.
- STEP 2: To keep the DC or AC wires from pulling loose, use a small flat-blade screwdriver to tighten the wire-clamp button on the front of the terminal block connector.
- STEP 3: Insert the plastic terminal block connector prongs into the terminal block receptor, which is located on the EDS devices’ right side.
Wiring the Digital Inputs
The EDS device has one set of digital input (DI). The DI consists of two
contacts of the 4-pin terminal block connector on the EDS’s right-side panel.
Refer to the instructions and diagram below on how to connect the wires to the
terminal block connector on the receptor.
- STEP 1: Insert the negative (ground)/positive DI wires into the ┴/I terminals, respectively.
- STEP 2: To keep the DI wires from pulling loose, use a small flat-blade screwdriver to tighten the wire-clamp button on the front of the terminal block connector.
- STEP 3: Insert the plastic terminal block connector prongs into the terminal block receptor, which is located on the EDS devices’ right side.
Rotating the Power Module
The power module for the EDS device can be rotated to make it easier to fit
your field site application.
- Step 1: Remove the two screws that fasten the power module to the EDS device and remove the module.
- Step 2: Turn the power module clockwise so that the power, digital input, and relay output connectors can be moved upwards.
- Step 3: Replace the module back on to the EDS device.
- Step 4: Fasten two screws on to the module.
Communication Connections
Each EDS-G4012 Series switch has various types of communication ports:
- RJ45 console port (RS-232 interface)
- USB storage port (type A connector, currently disabled)
- 10/100/1000BaseT(X) Ethernet ports
- 10/100/1000BaseT(X) or 100/1000BaseSFP combo ports
- 1000/2500BaseSFP slots
- microSD card slot (currently disabled)
Console Port Connection
The EDS device has one RJ45 console port (RS-232), located on the front panel. Use either an RJ45-to-DB9 (see the cable following wiring diagrams) to connect the EDS’s console port to your PC’s COM port. You may then use a console terminal program, such as Moxa PComm Terminal Emulator, to access the EDS that has a baud rate of 115200.
RJ45 Console Port Pinouts
Pin | Description |
---|---|
1 | DSR |
2 | RTS |
3 | – |
4 | TxD |
5 | RxD |
6 | GND |
7 | CTS |
8 | DTR |
USB Connection
NOTE The USB function is currently reserved and may be required in the future. It should be noted that this port cannot be used for charging any devices.
10/100/1000BaseT(X) Ethernet Port Connection
1000BaseT(X) data is transmitted on differential TRD+/- signal pairs over
copper wires.
MDI/MDI-X Port Pinouts
Pin | Signal |
---|---|
1 | TRD(0)+ |
2 | TRD(0)- |
3 | TRD(1)+ |
4 | TRD(2)+ |
5 | TRD(2)- |
6 | TRD(1)- |
7 | TRD(3)+ |
8 | TRD(3)- |
100/1000BaseSFP and 1000/2500BaseSFP (mini-GBIC)
Fiber Port
The fiber ports on the switch are 100/1000BaseSFP and 1000/2500BaseSFP fiber
ports, which require 100M, 1G, or 2.5G mini-GBIC fiber transceivers to work
properly.
The concept behind the LC port and cable is quite straightforward. Suppose
that you are connecting devices I and II; contrary to electrical signals,
optical signals do not require a circuit in order to transmit data.
Consequently, one of the optical lines is used to transmit data from device I
to device II, and the other optical line is used transmit data from device II
to device I, for full-duplex transmission.
Remember to connect the Tx (transmit) port of device I to the Rx (receive)
port of device II, and the Rx (receive) port of device I to the Tx (transmit)
port of device II. If you make your own cable, we suggest labeling the two
sides of the same line with the same letter (A-to-A and B-to-B, as shown
below, or A1-to-A2 and B1-to-B2).
LC-Port Pinouts LC-Port to LC-Port Cable Wiring ATTENTION
This is a Class 1 Laser/LED product. To avoid causing serious damage to your
eyes, do not stare directly into the Laser Beam.
Reset Button
The reset button can perform two functions. One is to reset the Ethernet switch to factory default settings by pressing and holding the reset button for longer than five seconds. Use a pointed object, such as a straightened paper clip or toothpick, to depress the reset button. This will cause the STATE LED to blink once a second. After depressing the button for 5 continuous seconds, the STATE LED will start to blink at 4 times/sec. This indicates that factory default settings have been loaded and you can release the reset button. The other function is to reboot the device by depressing reset button for less than five seconds.
Turbo Ring DIP Switch Settings
The EDS devices are plug-and-play managed redundant Ethernet switches. The
proprietary Turbo Ring protocol was developed by Moxa to provide better
network reliability and faster recovery time. Moxa Turbo Ring’s recovery time
is less than 50 ms (Turbo Ring V2) —compared to a 3- to 5-minute recovery time
for commercial switches—decreasing the possible loss caused by network
failures in an industrial setting.
There are five Hardware DIP Switches for Turbo Ring on the bottom panel of the
EDS device that can help setup the Turbo Ring easily within seconds. If you do
not want to use a hardware DIP switch to setup the Turbo Ring, you can use a
web browser, telnet, or console to disable this function.
NOTE Please refer to the Turbo Ring section in User’s Manual for more
detail information about the setting and usage of Turbo Ring V2.
Turbo Ring DIP Switch Settings
The default setting for each DIP Switch is OFF. The following table explains
the effect of setting the DIP Switch to the ON position.
Remove the rubber cover on the bottom panel of the device to expose the DIP
switches.
DIP Switch Settings
DIP 1 | DIP 2 | DIP 3 | DIP 4 | DIP 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ON : Enables the | ON : Enables | ON : |
ON : Activates
| default “Ring| this EDS as| Enables the| DIP switch 2,
| Coupling| the Ring| default| 3, and 4 to
| (backup)” port| Master.| “Ring| configure
| when DIP switch| | Coupling”| Turbo Ring V2
Reserved for future use| 4 is already
enabled.
| | port.| settings.
OFF : Enables the
default Ring
| OFF : This
EDS will not
| OFF : This
EDS will not
| OFF : DIP
switch 2, 3,
| Coupling| be the Ring| be the Ring| and 4 will be
| (primary) port| Master.| Coupler.| disabled.
| when DIP switch| | |
| 4 is already| | |
| enabled.| | |
NOTE You must enable the Turbo Ring (DIP switch 5) first before using the
DIP switch to activate the Master and Coupler functions.
NOTE If you do not enable any of the EDS switches to be the Ring Master,
the Turbo Ring protocol will automatically choose the EDS switch with the
smallest MAC address range to be the Ring Master. If you accidentally enable
more than one switch to be the Ring Master, these switches will auto-negotiate
to determine which one will be the Ring Master.
LED Indicators
The front panel of the Moxa EDS-G4012 Series contains several LED indicators. The function of each LED is described in the following table:
Device LED Indicators
LED | Color | State | Description |
---|
STATE
| ****
Green
| ****
On
| When system has passed power- on self-test (POST) and is ready to run.
Blinking (1 time/sec)| Press the reset button for five seconds to reset
to factory
default settings
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When pressing the reset button depress for 5 seconds to reset to factory
default.
Off| N/A
Red
| ****
On
| The system has initially failed the boot-up process
• System Info. Read Fail or
EEPROM information error
FAULT
| ****
Red
| ****
On
| 1. The relay contact has been triggered
2. The ingress rate limit has been exceeded and the port has entered shut down mode
3. Invalid Ring port connection
Off
| When the system boots up and runs correctly or a user- configured event is not triggered.
P1
| ****
Amber
| On| Power is being supplied to power
input PWR.
Off| Power is not being supplied to power input PWR.
P2
| ****
Amber
| On| Power is being supplied to power
input PWR.
Off| Power is not being supplied to power input PWR.
MSTR/ HEAD (M/H)
| ****
Green
| ****
On
| When the switch is Master/Head/Root of Turbo
Ring/Turbo Chain/Fast RSTP.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| 1. The switch has become the Master of Turbo Ring after Turbo Ring has gone down
2. The switch is set as Head of Turbo Chain and Turbo Chain has gone down
3. The switch is set as the Turbo Ring’s Member and the corresponding Ring port is down
4. The switch is set as the Turbo Chain’s Member/ Tail and the corresponding Head-
end Chain port is down.
Off
| When the switch is not the
Master/Head/Root of this Turbo Ring/ Turbo Chain/Fast RSTP.
LED | Color | State | Description |
---|
CPLR/ TAIL
| ****
Green
| ****
On
| 1. The switch’s ring coupling or dual homing function is enabled.
2. The switch is set as the Tail
of Turbo Chain.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| 1. The switch is set as the Tail of Turbo Chain and the Chain has gone down.
2. The switch is set as the Turbo Chain’s Member/ Head and the corresponding Tail-
end Chain port is down.
Off
| When the switch disables the coupling or tail role of Turbo Chain.
System LED
(Except
PWR)
| Green + Amber + Red| ****
Blinking
(2 times/sec)
| The switch is being discovered/located by the locator function.
System LED
(Except
PWR)
| Green + Amber + Red| Rotate On - > Off
Sequentially
| The switch is importing/exporting a file via ABC-02-USB or SD card. (currently disabled)
Smart PoE LED Indicators
LED | Color | State | Description |
---|
Smart PoE+ LED
Indicators
| ****
Green
| ****
On
| When the port is connected to IEEE 802.3bt powered device and powered at:
• Single signature (PD) Class 5 to 8
• Dual signature (PD) Class 1
to 5
Off
| 1. When the power is not being supplied to a powered device (PD)
2. The port is not connected to
an IEEE 802.3bt powered device
Amber
| ****
On
| When the port is connected to IEEE 802.3af/at powered device and powered at:
• Single signature (PD) 0 to 4
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| The PoE power supply has been shut off because of low power budget.
Off
| 1. Power is not being supplied to the powered device (PD)
2. The port is not connected to
an IEEE 802.3af/at standard PD
LED | Color | State | Description |
---|---|---|---|
**** |
Red
| On| Powered device (PD) detection failure
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| Overcurrent or short circuit has
occurred on the powered Device (PD)
Off| PoE is operating normally
Ports LED Indicators
LED | Color | State | Description |
---|
10M/
100M/
1000M
Copper top LED
| ****
Green
| On| When the port is active and links at 1000Mbps.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being
transmitted at 1000Mbps.
Off| When the port is inactive or link
down.
10M/
100M/
1000M
Copper bottom LED
| ****
Amber
| On| When the port is active and links at 10/100Mbps.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being
transmitted at 10/100Mbps.
Off| When the port is inactive or link down.
100M/
1000M
(SFP port)
| ****
Green
| On| When the port is active and
links at 1000Mbps.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being transmitted at 1000Mbps.
Off| When the port is inactive or link
down.
Amber
| On| When the port is active and
links at 100Mbps.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being transmitted at 100Mbps.
Off| When the port is inactive or link down.
1000M/
2500M
(SFP port)
| ****
Green
| On| When the port is active and
links at 2500Mbps.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being transmitted at 2500Mbps.
Off| When the port is inactive or link
down.
Amber
| On| When the port is active and
links at 1000M.
Blinking
(4 times/sec)
| When the port’s data is being
transmitted at 1000M.
Off| When the port is inactive or link down.
Specifications
Interface
RJ45 Ports| 10/100/1000BaseT(X)
Fiber Ports| EDS-G4012-4GC: 100/1000BaseSFP
EDS-G4012-8P-4QGS: 1000/2500BaseSFP
Console Port| RS-232 (RJ45)
Button| Reset button
---|---
LED Indicators| STATE (S), FAULT (F), PWR1 (P1), PWR2 (P2), MSTR/HEAD (M/H),
CPLR/TAIL (C/T), SYNC
Alarm Contact| 1 normally open electromagnetic relay output with
current carrying capacity of 1 A @ 24 VDC
Digital Input| 1 isolated digital input:
+13 to +30V for state “1”
-30 to +3V for state “0” Max. input current: 8 mA
PoE
Total Power Budget| Power Bypass (-LVA model): 240 W @ 48 VDC power input
Power Boost (-LVB model): 62 W @ 12 VDC, 150 W @ 24 VDC (120 W for -T model), 180 W @ 48
VDC
PoE Output Voltage| 55 VDC
PoE Output Power| 15.4 W for the 802.3af standard, 30 W for the 802.3at
standard, 36 W in high power mode, 60 W in 802.3bt standard
PoE Output Current| 350 mA for the 802.3af standard, 600 mA for the 802.3at
standard, 1960 mA for the 802.3bt standard
Overload Current
Protection at Port
| Present
PoE Pinout| Mode A: Pair 1,2 (V+); Pair 3,6 (V-)
Mode B: pair 4,5 (V+); pair 7,8 (V-)
Power
Pre-installed Power Module| -LV/-LV-T models: PWR-100–LV
-HV/-HV-T models: PWR-105-HV-I
-LVA/-LVA-T models: PWR-101-LV-BP-I
-LVB/-LVB-T models: PWR-103-LV-VB-I
Note| The EDS-G4012 Series supports modular power supplies. The model names and power parameters are determined by the installed power module.
For example:
EDS-G4012-T + PWR-100-LV = EDS-G4012-LV-T EDS-G4012-T + PWR-105-HV-I = EDS-G4012-HV- T
If you install a different power module, refer to the specifications of the corresponding model. For example, if you replace the power module of the EDS-G4012-LV-T with the PWR-105-HV-I, refer to
the specifications of the EDS-G4012-HV-T.
Rated Voltage| -LV/-LV-T models: 12/24/48 VDC, redundant dual inputs
-HV/-HV-T models: 110/220 VDC/VAC, single input
-LVA/-LVA-T models: 48 VDC, redundant dual inputs
-LVB/-LVB-T models: 12/24/48 VDC, redundant
dual inputs
Operating Voltage| -LV/-LV-T models: 9.6 to 60 VDC
-HV/-HV-T models: 88 to 300 VDC, 85 to 264 VAC
-LVA/-LVA-T models: 44 to 57 VDC (>52 VDC for PoE+ output recommended)
-LVB/-LVB-T models: 12 to 57 VDC (>52 VDC for
PoE+ output recommended)
---|---
Rated Current| -LV/-LV-T models: 12-48 VDC, 1.50-0.40 A or 24
VDC, 0.70 A
-HV/-HV-T models: 110-220 VAC, 50-60 Hz, 0.30-
0.20 A or 110-220 VDC, 0.30-0.20 A
-LVA/-LVA-T models: 48 VDC, 5.42 A
-LVB/-LVB-T models: 12/48 VDC, 7.46/4.27 A or 24 VDC, 7.26 A
Power Consumption| EDS-G4012-4GC-LV(-T) models: 12.68 W EDS-G4012-4GC-HV(-T) models: 15.8 W EDS-G4012-8P-4QGS-LVA(-T) models:
Without PoE: 15.58 W
With PoE: Max. 240 W for total PD power consumption @ 48 VDC input
EDS-G4012-8P-4QGS-LVB(-T) models:
Without PoE: 17.96 W
With PoE: Max. 180 W for total PD power consumption @ 48 VDC input; Max. 150 W for total PD power consumption @ 24 VDC input; Max. 62 W for total PD power consumption @ 12 VDC input
Inrush Current| Max. 0.8 A @ 48 VDC (0.1 – 1 ms) (Applies to -LV models)
Overload Current
Protection at Input
| Present
Reverse Polarity
Protection
| Present
Connection| 2 removable 4-contact terminal blocks
Physical Characteristics
Housing| Metal, IP40 protection
Dimension| 55 x 140 x 122.5 mm (2.17 x 5.51 x 4.82 in)
Weight| EDS-G4012-4GC (-T) models: 881.5 g (1.94 lb)
EDS-G4012-8P-4QGS (-T) models: 972 g (2.14 lb)
Installation| DIN-rail mounting, wall mounting (with optional kit)
Environmental Limits
Operating Temperature| -10 to 60°C (14 to 140°F) for standard models
-40 to 75°C (-40 to 167°F) for -T models
Storage Temperature| -40 to 85°C (-40 to 185°F)
Ambient Relative
Humidity
| 5 to 95% (non-condensing)
Altitude| Up to 2000 m
Note: Please contact Moxa if you require products guaranteed to function properly at higher altitude.
Regulatory Approvals
Industrial Cybersecurity| IEC 62443-4-1, IEC 62443-4-2
Safety| UL 61010-2-201, EN 62368-1(LVD)
EMC| EN 55022/24, EN 61000-6-2/6-4
---|---
EMI| FCC Part 15 Subpart B Class A
EMS| EN 61000-4-2 (ESD) Level 4
EN 61000-4-3 (RS) Level 3
EN 61000-4-4 (EFT) Level 4
EN 61000-4-5 (Surge) Level 4
EN 61000-4-6 (CS) Level 3
EN 61000-4-8 Level 4
Shock| IEC 60068-2-27
Free Fall| IEC 60068-2-32
Vibration| IEC 60068-2-6
Rail Traffic (Wayside)| EN 50121-4
Traffic Control| NEMA TS2
Warranty
Warranty| 5 years
ATTENTION
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to
the following conditions:
- This device may not cause harmful interference.
- This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation.
References
Read User Manual Online (PDF format)
Read User Manual Online (PDF format) >>