SPER SCIENTIFIC 840007 Radiation Monitor Instruction Manual
- June 12, 2024
- SPER SCIENTIFIC
Table of Contents
SPER SCIENTIFIC 840007 Radiation Monitor
Product Information
The Radiation Monitor 840007 & 840026 is a device designed to measure
ionizing radiation. It is equipped with a Geiger-Mueller (G-M) tube that
detects various types of radiation, including beta rays. The unit is
calibrated at the factory to provide accurate measurements. The monitor is
powered by a 9-volt battery and features a push button for operation. It has
an LED indicator that shows the unit’s power status and battery condition. The
unit is designed to be held in the right hand, with the thumb placed over the
push button for easy operation. The G-M tube, located behind the slots on the
upper edge of the case, has a thin surface (0.004) that allows beta radiation
to be detected efficiently. However, it is important to avoid poking sharp
objects through the slots to prevent damage to the tube.
Product Usage Instructions
Caution
Ensure that the unit is not exposed to extreme heat or moisture. Do not
place it in a hot place, such as a car’s glove box on a summer day. If the
unit gets wet, clean it with a towel and allow it to air-dry for several days.
Do not use an oven or microwave for drying. Avoid opening the unit, except for
battery replacement.
Battery Replacement
- Slide the plastic door of the unit located at the back.
- Carefully replace the 9-volt battery, ensuring that the unit is turned off. Do not reach into the unit through the battery compartment while it is on, as the G-M tube activation voltage is over 200 VDC.
- Replace the plastic door.
- For extended operation and infrequent battery replacement, use an alkaline battery.
Operation
The radiation monitor operates when the push button on the face of the unit
is depressed. Hold the unit in your right hand with your thumb over the push
button. The LED indicator above the push button will confirm that the unit is
on and provide information about the battery condition. When the unit is
turned on, a faint buzz may be audible in a quiet room due to the transformer
that powers the G-M tube. The speaker may click at random intervals due to
background radiation. In areas with high natural radioactivity or
contamination, clicking may be more frequent. Take this background level into
account when making measurements.
Clicks from radioactive sources occur randomly, with varying intervals between clicks. Over time, the click rate should remain relatively constant. It is recommended to average measurements over a period of at least two minutes or more for accuracy. Always handle the unit with care, avoiding any damage to the thin surface of the G-M tube. Do not poke sharp objects through the slots on the upper edge of the case.
INTRODUCTION
This manual contains valuable information about the nature of ionizing radiation that should be understood by the user so that accurate measurements can be made. Information on the care of your Geiger counter is also included. If the following instructions are followed, your radiation monitor will give you many years of reliable service. The radiation meters are very sensitive pieces of equipment. Although housed in a high-impact case, the Geiger-Mueller tube that senses radiation is fragile. If the unit is dropped, the G-M tube may break. Exposure of the unit above 40°C (100°F) may also cause the G-M tube to stop functioning. The electronic circuitry is sensitive to high humidity (over 90% R.H.).
CAUTION
DO NOT put the unit in a very hot place (such as a car’s glove box, especially
on a summer day). DO NOT allow the unit to get wet. However, if this should
happen, clean it with a towel, and allow the unit to air-dry for several days
(do not place it in an oven or microwave). DO NOT open the unit (except for
battery replacement). There are no adjustments inside for the 840007 that can
be made by the user since the unit is calibrated at the factory. For the
840026, see instructions on page 5.
BATTERY REPLACEMENT
The unit is powered by a 9-volt battery. With the on button activated, the LED
should be brightly lit. When the LED is no longer bright or when the LED dims
in the presence of a radiation source, replace the battery. To replace the
battery:
- Slide the plastic door of the unit located in the back.
- Carefully replace the battery. DO NOT reach into the unit through the battery compartment while the unit is on. G-M tube activation voltage is over 200 VDC.
- Replace plastic door.
- For extended operation and infrequent battery replacement, use an alkaline battery.
OPERATION
The radiation monitor only operates while the push button on the face of the unit is depressed. This feature makes the operation very simple and conserves battery power. The unit is designed to be held in the right hand, with the thumb over the pushbutton (see Figures 1 and 2). The LED just above the pushbutton indicates that the unit is on and will give an indication of battery condition. When the unit is turned on, a faint buzz may be audible in a quiet room. This is normal and is caused by the transformer that powers the G-M tube. In most parts of the world, background radiation will cause the speaker to click at random intervals, about one click every few seconds. In areas where large deposits of natural radioactive minerals are found, or in an area that has been contaminated with radioactive materials, the speaker will click more frequently. This is called the “background level.” It should be taken into account when making measurements on specific objects. Since the incidence of clicks from radioactive sources is random, several clicks can be heard in rapid succession, while on other occasions several seconds may elapse between clicks. This is normal. Averaged over a period of time, the click rate should remain relatively constant. A reasonable average time should be at least two minutes or more.
The Geiger-Mueller tube is located behind the slots in the upper edge of the
case. The surface of the tube is very thin (0.004″). This allows beta
radiation to penetrate and to be detected with greater efficiency. (Beta rays
and other types of radiation will be discussed in the next section). This thin
surface is fragile and poking sharp objects through the slots will damage the
tube.
Your Geiger Counter is designed to be sensitive to:
- Gamma radiation (which includes X-rays).
- Beta radiation.
Gamma radiation and X-rays can penetrate the plastic case with comparative ease. Beta radiation can most efficiently enter the case through the slots. Although Beta radiation is easily detected, it is difficult to measure accurately. Therefore, when a radioactive object is being searched for Beta radiation, the open slots in the case should be positioned in such a way that they are exposed to the object (see Figure 1). If the unit shows a significantly higher click rate in this position, you can be reasonably certain the object is giving off Beta radiation. Now position the unit as shown in Figure 2. In this position, where radiation cannot pass directly through the slots (Beta radiation travels in straight lines for the most part) only gamma and X-ray radiation from the object will be detected.
THIS IS THE POSITION IN WHICH TO HOLD THE GEIGER COUNTER TO TAKE
READINGS.
It is important to understand this, for misleadingly high meter readings can
result from allowing Beta rays to be measured with gamma rays. The meter scale
is calibrated for gamma radiation.
READINGS
There are two Sper Scientific Radiation Monitor models:
- 840007 – 0.1 to 10mR/hr
- 840026 – 0 to 100mR/hr
All units are tested at the factory using gamma radiation. The radioactive
gamma source used in the factory is Cesium-137 which has been Beta shielded
with .062″ of Aluminum, and measuring radioisotopes other than Cesium-137
introduces some errors. The error caused by this is usually very little. Note
that in the case of X-rays, the unit is very sensitive, and subsequently meter
readings should be divided by about 5. The 840026 was calibrated. For how
often you have to calibrate your unit, check with your local NRC. However, you
must calibrate after each repair or change of the G-M tube. Since the 840026
radiation monitor has an oscillator, it can be readily adjusted/calibrated by
turning the screw on the oscillator with a small screwdriver in the desired
direction: turning clockwise to decrease the reading; counterclockwise to
increase. This calibration should be done at a licensed laboratory. In
addition to the analog meter, a special extended range has been designed for
the 840007 unit. At radiation levels that are in excess of the meter scale,
the unit will emit beeps, at a rate that increases as the radiation level
increases. Although this range is not as accurate as the displayed range, the
beeping will begin approximately at 15mR/hr.
A continuous beep occurs approximately at 20mR/hr. These built-in ranges greatly simplify operation and allow reasonably quick and accurate measurements to be made. The meter is not intended to indicate levels below 0.1 mR/ hr., therefore, readings taken below this level should be considered extremely crude. However, such low-level measurements can be made by simply counting the clicks over a period of time, much like taking a person’s pulse and expressing the result as clicks (or counts) per minute. 0.1 mR/hr, on the meter corresponds to about 330 counts per minute.
INTERPRETING READINGS
Health physics, the field that pertains to radiation and its effects on man,
is very complex, and theories and conclusions are constantly being updated as
information becomes available. Data from occupational exposure, animal
studies and events like Hiroshima and Nagasaki have fairly well established
the maximum safe exposure limits for man. Whether low-level radiation causes
cancer and birth defects is still being debated. The delayed effect, which
could take years to develop, is difficult to study, and therefore, there are
no well-defined lower limits on ionizing radiation. Two publications entitled
“Hormesis with Ionizing Radiation,” 1980, and “Radiation Hormesis,” 1991 (CRC
Press, Boca Raton) present over one thousand examples of statistically valid
data showing no physiological harm in vertebrates from whole-body exposures to
low-dose radiation (<20mGy/y). As previously mentioned in the section on
operation, the units mR/hr (milli-Roentgen per hour, or 1/1000th of a Roentgen
per hour) pertain only to gamma radiation. Often other units of measurement
similar to mR/hr are used. The term “REM” (Roentgen Equivalent Man) includes
the effects of beta, alpha, and neutron radiation. Measurements in REMs are
more complete as radiation affects man, but such measurements are a
complicated combination of many measurements each made with specialized
detectors.
It is important to note that the field intensity from a radioactive object
decreases very quickly with distance. If the object is very small, increasing
the distance from the object by a factor of two decreases the radiation level
by a
factor of four. This is called a square law situation, which demonstrates the
dependence of proximity on dose for small radioactive sources. Larger sources,
such as a large deposit of radioactive minerals, will show much less of this
effect. In trying to estimate the danger of radioactive materials, it is
important to take into account many aspects of the situation. For instance,
the radiation level at the face of a radium-dial watch may be 3mR/hr, but the
measurement taken from the back of the watch may be 0.3mR/hr. Another
interesting point concerns the energy of the radiation. Geiger Counters will
register one click whenever they detect a ray or particle of radiation hitting
them. These tiny high-speed bundles of energy are like short bursts of light.
Some are extremely energetic, while others are not.
Geiger
Counters cannot determine the energy of the impinging ray, they only detect
its presence. Sper Scientific models 840007 and 840026, detect Beta and gamma
radiation starting at approximately 30KeV and up to 1.5 MeV.
The opposite is the case for cosmic rays, which have enormous energy — some
millions of times more energetic than anything found here on Earth. The
compensation figure for radiation of this type is difficult to estimate, due
to the extreme range of energies that have been measured.
RADIATION — WHAT IS IT?
Nuclear physics is a very complex field, however, the basic principles can be
simply explained. All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms alone and bonded
together in molecules form all the things around us, including ourselves.
These atomic units are extremely small; so small, in fact, that a single grain
of table salt contains approximately 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms (this is
not a misprint). It is impossible to see an atom, except with a sophisticated
electron microscope, so many of our present-day theories on the structure and
composition of single atoms are based largely on the study of radiation given
off from unstable (radioactive) substances.
Atoms are composed of three basic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Electrons are extremely light, negatively charged particles that exist as a
cloud around the center, or nucleus, of the atom. Sometimes the electrons
are said to occupy orbits around the nucleus. These electrons are attracted to
the nucleus because of the positively charged protons that, along with the
neutrons, make up the nucleus. Atoms bond together in molecules when one atom
gives up or shares an electron with another atom. Chemical reactions utilize
this bonding process. In all atoms, the number of electrons (and therefore the
number of negative charges) equals the number of protons
(positive charges). The number of protons or electrons in an atom determines
the chemical nature of the atom, and each element has its own unique number
(for example hydrogen = 1, helium – 2, etc.). The number of neutrons, however,
may not always be the same in every atom of a particular element. Atoms of an
element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Every atom of
a particular element has the same atomic number, but different isotopes of a
given element have different atomic weights.
It is the variable number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom that leads to
a process called nuclear decay that causes radiation. When an atom has too
many or too few neutrons in its nucleus, it will have a tendency to rearrange
itself spontaneously into a new combination of particles that are more stable.
In this decay process, bundles of excess energy are shot out of the nucleus in
one of a number of ways. When the neutrons are excessive, a neutron can
convert itself to a proton and shoot out an electron at a very high speed,
known as beta radiation. A proton may be converted to a neutron to cause an
unusual particle called a positron to be ejected from the nucleus. In still
another process, the nucleus, in a vain attempt to stabilize itself, kicks out
two protons and two neutrons all together as one particle called an alpha
particle.
The energy released in each decay can be enormous. This decay process is utilized in atomic reactors and bombs. When certain very heavy isotopes of uranium or plutonium (or several other isotopes) decay, they may split apart. This process is called fission. In fission, the entire nucleus splits apart, causing two new atoms and releasing a very large amount of energy. This process is not very predictable, for the nucleus can split in many ways, yielding a wide variety of new atoms and even some free neutrons. The free neutrons, when released, can be absorbed by other fuel atoms, causing them, in turn, to fission — leading to a continuous or (if not controlled) explosive chain reaction. Due to the wide range of new atoms produced in the fission process, many of the daughter products are not stable and will, in turn, decay themselves, leading to hazardous nuclear waste and fallout.
In all of the above processes, another kind of radiation, gamma, is almost
always released. Unlike the particles previously mentioned, gamma radiation
consists of tiny, discrete bundles of energy called quanta. Light, X-rays, and
gamma rays can all be described as quanta, the difference being the total
energy packed into each bundle. In nuclear decay, some energy in the unstable
nucleus is dissipated to its surroundings in the form of heat and radiation in
the instant that it decays. The nucleus may remain in its unstable state for
billions of years, and then suddenly decay spontaneously. The time required
for half of the atoms of a particular isotope to decay is called the half-life
of that isotope. For an isotope with a half-life of 1 year, the pure isotope
substance would be only 50% pure after one year, half of the original atoms
having decayed into some other substance. After another year, 25% of the
original
material would remain, and so on. Natural radioactive materials in our world
are only those with very, very long half-lives. Uranium-238, for example, has
a half-life of 4 billion years and exists today only because not enough time
has elapsed since its creation for it to decay away to negligible levels. It
is thought that the universe was created from a huge mass of subatomic
particles and energy — the Big Bang Theory. Of the elements and their isotopes
that constitute our planet, the vast majority are quite stable, the result of
billions of years of nuclear decay.
The amount of radiation given off from natural radioactive minerals in the earth’s crust is a major constituent of background radiation. For the most part, it is quite low, due to the long time required for the remaining radioisotopes to decay. In atomic reactions (either natural or forced by man) the decay process is sped up by the effect of neutrons given off in the fission process interacting with more unstable isotopes to cause immediate decay. While this allows the energy of the isotope to be harvested in a conveniently short time, the unstable decay products produced generally have short half-lives, on th order of seconds to centuries, and are very radioactive. As a result of this process, considerably larger quantities of short half-life (high decay rate) isotopes become a part of the world we live in. This is the basis for the controversy and concerns on the subject of nuclear power generation, waste disposal, and nuclear weapons.
INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
The particles and photons that result from nuclear decay carry most of the
energy released from the original unstable nucleus. The value of this energy
is expressed in electron Volts or eV. The energy of beta and alpha rays is
invested in the particles’ speed. A typical beta particle from Cesium-137 has
an energy of about 500,000 eV and a speed that approaches that of light. Beta
energies can cover a wide range, and many radioisotopes are known to
emit betas at energies in excess of 10 million eV. The penetration range of
typical beta particles is only a few millimeters in human skin. Alpha
particles have even shorter penetration ranges than beta particles. Typical
alpha energies are on the order of 5 million eV, with ranges so short that
they are extremely difficult to measure. Alphas are stopped by a ~ in sheet of
paper, and in the air only travel a few inches at most before coming to a
stop. Therefore, alpha particles cannot be detected without being in close
contact with the source, and even then only the alphas coming from the surface
of the source can be detected. Alphas generated within the source are absorbed
before reaching the surface. Due to their short range, alpha particles are not
a serious health hazard unless they are emitted from within the body when
their high energy, in close contact with sensitive living tissue, is an
extreme hazard. Fortunately, almost all alpha-emitting substances also emit
gamma rays, allowing for their detection.
Neutrons, having no net charge, do not interact with matter as easily as other particles, and can drift through a great thickness of material without incident. A free neutron, drifting through space, will decay in an average of 11.7 minutes, yielding a proton and an electron (beta ray). The neutron can also combine with the nucleus of an atom if its path carries it close enough. When a neutron is absorbed into a nucleus, it is saved from its ultimate fate (decay), but may render the nucleus unstable. This absorption process is used in medicine and industry, to create radioactive elements from non-radioactive ones. Detecting neutrons is specialized and beyond the scope of typical Geiger counters, but most possible neutron sources also emit gamma and beta radiation, affording detection of the source. The highly energetic X-ray and gamma rays lose their energy as they penetrate matter. X-rays have an energy of up to about 200,000 eV, compared to gamma radiation which can be as energetic as several million eV. One million eV gamma radiation can penetrate an inch of steel. Gamma and X-ray radiation are by far the most penetrating of all common types and are only effectively absorbed by large amounts of heavy, dense material of high atomic number, such as lead.
SPECIFICATIONS
LIMITED WARRANTY
The 840007 and 840026 Geiger counters are warranted for 5 years on electronics and 1 year for G-M tubes from the date of purchase. If a unit fails to function properly within the warranty period, Sper Scientific will repair or replace the unit, at its option. This warranty does not cover any damage to the unit as a result of misuse, accident or repair by unauthorized personnel. Sper Scientific reserves the right to make such a determination on the basis of factory inspection. All products returned for service must be shipped prepaid.
REPAIR CHARGES
- Replacement of G-M tube ……………………………. $ 50.00
- Replacement of circuit board ……………………….. $ 80.00
- At the time of repair, the monitor is recalibrated at no additional charge.
NOTICE
Sper Scientific believes the Geiger Counter to be accurate within reasonable
standards of acceptance, and includes instructions that, if followed, will
yield accurate measurements. Manufacturer assumes no liability for damages,
consequential or otherwise that may arise from the use of the Geiger counter
by any person, under any circumstances. This Geiger counter is sensitive to
gamma, beta, and X-ray radiation, but not necessarily to extremely low energy
forms, or alpha, neutron, or microwave radiation. Do not open the Geiger
counter or otherwise tamper with or attempt to service it.
SPER SCIENTIFIC LTD
7720 East Redfield, Suite #7
Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA
480-948-4448
sperscientific.com
info@sperscientific.com
The returned unit must be accompanied by a description of the problem and your
return address. Please register your product online or return your warranty
card within ten (10) days of purchase.
Rev 3/22/06 05/2015
Sper Scientific
8281 E. Evans Rd., Suite 103
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
www.sperscientific.com
The returned unit must be accompanied by a description of the problem and your return address. Register your product online at www.sperwarranty.com within 10 days.
References
- Sper Scientific Environmental Measurement Instruments – Sper Scientific Instruments
- Sper Scientific Environmental Measurement Instruments – Sper Scientific Instruments
- Sper Scientific Warranty