RTX TM-2035 Wide-Band Josephson Parametric Amplifier WB-JPA User Guide
- September 12, 2024
- RTX
Table of Contents
RTX TM-2035 Wide-Band Josephson Parametric Amplifier WB-JPA
Product Usage Instructions
- Ensure the two SMA shorting caps are connected to the device. Work in an ESD-safe manner using grounding straps. Identify the RF input port marked as I/O and the flux bias port marked as B/P.
- The JPA’s performance relies on a well-matched microwave environment. Mount the JPA firmly to the cryostat cold stage for optimal heat transfer. Minimize connectors and keep the distance between the JPA and circulator short.
- Make RF and DC connections through K connectors. Use a torque wrench for proper connection tightness. Inspect connections after cooldowns. Be cautious of ESD damage due to the device’s low impedance.
- Follow the recommended attenuator configuration when measuring JPAs at RTX BBN. Use the specified attenuation values for signal and pump lines at different stages of cooling.
FAQ
- What should I do if I encounter large ripples in the amplifier gain profile?
- If you notice large ripples in the gain profile, ensure that the JPA is well-mounted and properly connected in a well-matched microwave environment. Check for any impedance discontinuities and adjust the setup accordingly.
- How do I prevent ESD damage to the JPA?
- To prevent ESD damage, always keep the SMA shorting caps connected when not in use, work in an ESD-safe environment using grounding straps, and handle the device with care to avoid electrostatic discharge.
Introduction
The RTX BBN Technologies’ wideband Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) is a
cryogenic, superconducting near quantum-limited amplifier suitable for quantum
information science experiments and other microwave measurements that require
an extremely low noise first-stage amplifier. A wideband input matching
network based on a coupled-line impedance transformer ensures wide bandwidth
while maintaining high gain. RTX BBN has primarily used this amplifier for
improving the measurement fidelity of superconducting transmon qubits. This
Application Note contains recommendations for installing the JPA in a
cryostat, wiring the JPA, and a basic tune-up procedure that should allow the
user to begin productive use of the device in their experiment. An extensive
body of work on Josephson parametric amplifiers and related devices has been
published in the scientific literature [1– 6], and we encourage those users to
consult this body of work for details on the theory, design and operation of
these devices.
While the JPA is primarily intended for end-users who are experienced in the
techniques of cryogenic RF measurements and superconducting Josephson-based
devices, we hope that this guide can offer a basic introduction that can help
those less familiar with this type of measurement started with the device. We
intend that this document will be updated frequently with user feedback,
example use-cases and troubleshooting examples. Please contact jpa-
support@rtx.com for support, feedback and
suggestions.
Installation
This section provides recommendations for installing the JPA at the base temperature stage of a dilution refrigerator or other sub-1K cryostat. Please note that the JPA is based on conventional aluminum-aluminum oxide Josephson junction technology, and for optimal noise performance should be operated well below the critical temperature of Al. As is typical for superconducting devices, we strongly recommend operating the JPA inside magnetic shielding to prevent any degradation of performance or excess noise due to trapped flux from any background sources of magnetic fields. While we strive to reduce the amount of magnetic material in the JPA assembly, the device is not fully non- magnetic; please contact RTX BBN for further details and to discuss the potential availability of a fully non-magnetic option.
Mechanical
Detailed CAD assembly drawings of the JPA as well as a3D STEP file of the JPA
housing are available on request from RTX BBN. Mounting holes for #4 screws on
a 1” grid spacing are provided. The housing is machined from aluminum and
should be clamped firmly to the cold stage of the cryostat in order to ensure
good heat transfer from the package. The JPA should not be subjected to
temperatures over 60 °C as this may change or degrade the performance of the
device in unpredictable ways.
Wiring
RF and DC connections to the device are through K connectors, which are
mechanically compatible with SMA connectors. Care should be taken to not over-
tighten these connections, and the use of a torque wrench is strongly
recommended. The two screws clamping the connector flange to the package body
should not be loosened and should be inspected for tightness after repeated
cool downs as they may loosen slightly over time due to thermal contraction
and expansion. The low impedance of the Josephson junctions in the JPA make
the device highly susceptible to ESD damage; the device is provided with two
SMA shorting caps and these should be kept connected as long as is possible,
and users handling the device should work in an ESD-safe manner (grounding
straps, etc…).
The RF signal port of the JPA is marked on the package with I/O, and the flux
bias port is marked with B/P, as shown in Figure 2.
As an impedance-matched reflection amplifier, the performance of the JPA is
highly dependent on the microwave environment it is embedded in. Good
microwave hygiene should be followed to ensure that the JPA sees a 50Ω matched
load with as few impedance discontinuities as possible: the number of
connectors should be minimized, and the distance between the JPA and
circulator should be kept as short as possible. Signs of a poor microwave
environment include large ripples in the amplifier gain profile, standing
waves in the measured S-parameters, and large (>10 dB) variations in pump
power as the flux bias is changed.
Attenuation and Filtering
Please keep in mind the JPA’s low saturation power when designing the
microwave chain in your cryostat. The following attenuator configuration in a
dry dilution refrigerator is used when measuring JPAs at RTX BBN for
calibration purposes:
Attenuator Configuration
Stage| Signal Line| Pump Line
4K
Still (0.7K) 0.1K
MXC (20mK)
| 20 dB
6 dB
3 dB
20 dB
| 10 dB
6 dB
3 dB
3 dB
We do not have specific recommendations for filtering the signal or pump lines
as these will vary based on the users’ needs. Keep in mind that three-wave
mixing requires a pump near twice the amplified signal frequency.
Noise in the flux bias line will be detrimental to the performance of the JPA.
In addition to the filtering provided by the bias tee’s choke inductor, we
recommend a cold-stage low-pass filter with an MHz cutoff. The JPA should be
biased through a resistor (typically in the kΩ range), preferably cold (for
example at the 4K stage).
Three Wave Mixing
In the three-wave mixing mode, both the DC flux bias (which tunes the resonant
frequency) and the parametric drive (which generates amplification in the JPA)
are applied to the flux bias port of the JPA. This port is coupled via a
mutual inductance to the SQUID loop which provides the amplifier’s nonlinear
inductance. The input signal (ωs) is routed to the gain port via a circulator.
The pump tone (with ωp ≈ 2ωs) and flux bias are combined with a cryogenic bias
tee. An example wiring diagram of components at the cold stage is provided in
Figure 3.
Four-Wave Mixing
Wiring for four-wave mixing is broadly similar to a three-wave mixing
operation. In this mode, the pump tone is near the signal frequency (i.e. ωs ≈
ωp) and is applied via a directional coupler to the input port of the JPA. An
example wiring diagram of components at the cold stage is provided in Figure
4.
Recommended Cryogenic Components
This section details some cryogenic components that we have used successfully
at RTX BBN while operating the JPA in a dilution refrigerator; we cannot
guarantee the performance of these devices in any particular set-up. Contact
the device manufacturers for more details. Users are encouraged to report to
BBN the successful use of commercially available components at cryogenic
temperatures for the benefit of the JPA user community.
Circulators
- Low Noise Factory LNF-CIC4_8A and similar
- Quinstar QCY-G0400801 and similar
Directional Couplers
- QuantumMicrowave QMC-CRYOCOUPLER-20
- Krytar 120420
Bias tees
- QuantumMicrowave QMC-CRY TEE 0.218SMA
- MarkiMicrowave BT-0018
- Anritsu K251/V251
Room Temperature Components
The primary room temperature needed for the JPA are a DC flux bias precision
current source and a microwave signal generator for providing the parametric
pump. As with the cryogenic components, we provide here a list of bias and
pump sources we have used at RTX BBN; we encourage users to update us with
information about other hardware that they have used with success.
DC Flux Bias Source
There are no particular requirements on the DC flux bias source beyond low
noise and good stability and precision; common laboratory-grade precision
current sources should suffice. We recommend a source with at least μA
programmability. A selection of sources we have used in the lab at RTX BBN
- Yokogawa GS200
- Keithley 2400 and 6400 series
- Stanford Research SIM928 (with suitable series bias resistor)
RF Pump Source
Similar to the flux bias source, there are no special requirements on the
microwave signal generator used for the JPA pump beyond low phase noise and
frequency stability and high enough output level to drive the JPA pump; the
most important characteristic is good amplitude resolution (0.5 dB or better)
as the JPA gain is highly sensitive to pump power. A selection of sources we
have used in the lab at RTX BBN:
- Agilent N5183A and similar
- Holzworth HS9000 series
- DS Instruments SG22000PRO
Operating the JPA
We now provide a simplified guide to biasing the JPA for correct operation in
three-wave mixing mode. Beyond the hardware mentioned above, a vector network
analyzer (VNA) should be used to calibrate the device and set its operating
parameters. The exact choice of operating parameters will depend on a user’s
experimental setup and requirements. Please note also that due to the nature
of superconducting devices (for example, due to random flux offsets), the
precise operating parameters may change from cooldown to cooldown. We strongly
recommend recalibrating the JPA every time the cryostat is cycled to room
temperature. As with the other sections of the document, we intend to
continually update this guide with best practices, and welcome feedback and
comments to make it more broadly useful.
Flux Sweep
The first step in calibrating the JPA is to measure its RF response while
sweeping the flux bias in order to determine the correct flux for the desired
operating frequency. The flux bias has a periodicity of slightly less than
2mA. We recommend keeping the current through the flux bias port to less than
±10mA; more than this may drive the device into the normal state and could
damage the Josephson junctions.
Due to the broadband nature of the RTX BBN JPA, the JPA resonance may not be
clear when measuring the reflected amplitude of the signal; it is very
sensitive to the RF environment of the JPA. The resonance will be most obvious
in the reflected phase, as shown in Figure 5.
Pumping
Once the desired flux bias for an operating frequency has been set, the pump
should be turned on and tuned to roughly twice the resonant frequency of the
device as determined during the flux sweep. The pump power should be turned up
slowly until gain begins to appear; the gain peak should quickly increase and
its bandwidth broaden. In three-wave mixing mode, this should happen around
−40dBm at the device. As the pump power continues to increase, side lobes and
ripple will begin to appear; the gain profile may eventually narrow as the JPA
approaches bifurcation. Some example gain curves are shown in Figure 6 for
different pump frequencies and in Figure 7 for different pump powers; note
that the pump power at the device is an estimation based on room temperature
line loss measurements. Due to the sensitive dependence of the gain profile on
the admittance of the environment at the JPA RF port, some experimentation
will be required to find the optimal combination of bias current, pump power
and pump frequency for a user’s application needs and in a particular set up.
Mounting Dimensio
| Revision | Author | Changes |
|---|---|---|
| 0.9 | G. Ribeill | Initial revision |
References
- B. Ho Eom, P. K. Day, H. G. LeDuc, and J. Zmuidzinas, “A wideband, low-noise superconducting amplifier with high dynamic range,” Nature Physics, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 623–627, 2012.
- J. Mutus et al., “Design and characterization of a lumped element single-ended superconducting microwave parametric amplifier with on-chip flux bias line,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 103, no. 12, p. 122 602, 2013.
- J. Y. Mutus et al., “Strong environmental coupling in a josephson parametric amplifier,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 104, no. 26, p. 263 513, 2014.
- T. Roy et al., “Broadband parametric amplification with impedance engineering: Beyond the gain-bandwidth product,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 107, no. 26, p. 262 601, 2015.
- J. Aumentado, “Superconducting parametric amplifiers: The state of the art in josephson parametric amplifiers,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 45–59, 2020.
- J. Grebel et al., “Flux-pumped impedance-engineered broadband josephson parametric amplifier,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 118, no. 14, p. 142 601, 2021.
© 2024 RTX BBN Technologies. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
CONTACT
- RTX BBN Technologies
- 10 Moulton Street
- Cambridge, MA 02138
- 617-873-4JPA
- jpa-support@rtx.com
- www.bbn.com/jpa
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