Hilti HIT-FP 700 R Injectable Cementitious Mortar Instructions
- June 12, 2024
- HILTI
Table of Contents
Hilti HIT-FP 700 R Injectable Cementitious Mortar
Product Information
The HIT-FP 700 R is the next evolution of Hilti fire-resistant injectable mortar systems. It is an injectable inorganic mortar designed for post- installed rebar connections. The product offers high performance even in tough conditions and provides high reliability and productivity for most rebar installations.
Key Features:
- Connection types: Splices, simply supported, compression load only
- Approval drilling method: Drilled hole cleaning with Hilti Roughening tool
- Rebar diameter: At installation temperature – 15 min / 90 min
- Cartridge volume: 490 ml
Product Usage Instructions
Post-Installed Rebar Application
The HIT-FP 700 R is specifically designed for post-installed rebar connections according to EN 1992-1-1. It holds an ETA (European Technical Assessment) according to EAD 330087-02, with a main focus on fire design.
Application Examples:
- Lap splices with existing reinforcement
- Anchorage of a reinforcement in a slab or foundation with existing cast-in bars
Installation Characteristics of HIT-FP 700 R
The HIT-FP 700 R has the following characteristics:
- Installation temperature: 15 minutes / 90 minutes
- Cartridge volume: 490 ml
European Regulatory Framework
Hilti provides a wide range of products for post-installed applications. The HIT-FP 700 R is part of the Hilti Ultimate mortars for post-installed rebar applications.
Other products in the range:
- HIT-RE500 V4
- HIT-HY 200-R V3
References
For more information, refer to the following references:
- EN 1992-1-1
- EAD 330087-02
ABSTRACT
After several years of intense research and development, Hilti is introducing
a new technology into the chemical mortar world: the “Hilti HIT-FP 700 R
injection system”.
The HIT-FP 700 R is the first injectable two-component inorganic mortar system
for post-installed rebar connections that holds an ETA 21-0624 according to
the updated EAD 330087-02 [1] for cement-based mortars with improved fire
resistance.
At 500°C, traditional post-installed rebar systems have no residual load
capacity. By contrast, HIT-FP 700 R has been tested up to 500°C, keeping at
least 2.3 N/mm2 of design bond strength fbd,fi under fire conditions (Figure
3-5).
Figure 1-1: Hilti HIT-FP 700 R injection system – foil pack
POST-INSTALLED REBAR APPLICATION
ACCORDING TO EAD 330087
Since the mid-1970s, adhesive anchors have been used extensively in
construction. Today, most projects require concrete-to-concrete installations,
which are often secured by post-installed reinforcements that use chemical
mortar.
Post-installed reinforcement utilizes deformed reinforcing bars which are
placed in holes drilled in concrete and filled with injectable mortars. Post-
installed reinforcing bars are typically used in concrete-to-concrete
connections where new concrete is placed against existing concrete. As shown
in Figure 2-1, the reinforcing bars are embedded in adhesive in a hole drilled
into an existing concrete member and are cast in new concrete on the other
side. While the portion of the reinforcing bars installed in existing concrete
is straight, the portion embedded in new concrete can be straight or hooked.
In contrast to steel-to-concrete anchoring applications, concrete-to-concrete
connections using post-installed reinforcing bars often involve relatively
small edge and corner distances and the bars are typically embedded as
required to develop the tension yield strength of the reinforcing steel (e.g.,
EN 1992-1-1 [2] ).
Figure 2-1: post-installed reinforcing using straight and hooked bars
The performance of post-installed reinforcing bars is strongly linked to the performance of the mortar and its robustness in different installation conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity) and can be very sensitive to jobsite/installation conditions (e.g. improper or incomplete borehole cleaning and/or injection, corrosive environment), loading conditions (e.g. freeze-thaw cycles, sustained loading at high temperature, cyclic seismic loading), the borehole drilling method, the quality and type of equipment used for installation, as well asthe depth and diameter of the application. All these considerations point to the necessity for appropriate product qualification requirements, helping to ensure that the behavior and performance of a post- installed reinforcing bar is similar to that of cast-in reinforcing.
Currently, the use of mortar systems for the realization of connections with post-installed reinforcing bars in Europe is limited to products evaluated according to the provisions established by the European Organisation for Technical Assessment (EOTA) in the European Assessment Document (EAD) 330087-02 [1] for static, seismic and fire loading conditions and EAD 332402-00-0601 [3] for post-Installed reinforcing bar (Rebar) connections with improved bond-splitting behavior under static loading (see Figure 2-2).
Figure 2-2: Overview of European regulatory framework for post-installed applications
Hilti provides a wide range of products (Fig. 2-3), such as HIT-RE500 V4 and HIT-HY 200-R V3, and is now introducing the new HIT-FP700 R injectable inorganic mortar for post-installed rebar connections.
| | |
---|---|---|---
Connection Type| Splices, simply supported, compression load only, moment
resistant connections| Splices, simply supported, compression load only,
moment resistant connections| Splices, simply supported, compression load only
Key features| High performance even in toughest conditions such as diamond
drilling installation| High reliability and productivity for most rebar
installations| First injectable inorganic mortar with fire performance up to
504°C
Approval| · ETA for rebar connections according to EAD 330087/EC2 for
static, seismic and fire loading, 100y working life
· ETA for rebar connections according
to 332402/TR069 for static loading, 100y working life
| · ETA for rebar connections according to EAD 330087/EC2 for static, seismic and fire loading, 100y working life
· ETA for rebar connections according
to 332402/TR069 for static loading, 100y working life
| · ETA for rebar connections according to EAD 330087/EC2 for static and
fire loading, 100y working life
Drilling Method| · Hammer drilling
· Hammer drilling with SafeSet technology (Hilti hollow drill bit)
· Diamond drilling
· Diamond drilling in combination with Hilti Roughening tool
| · Hammer drilling
· Hammer drilling with SafeSet technology (Hilti hollow drill bit)
· Diamond drilling in combination with
Hilti Roughening tool
| · Hammer drilling
· Hammer drilling with SafeSet technology (Hilti hollow drill bit)
· Diamond drilling in combination
with Hilti Roughening tool
Drilled Hole cleaning| · Automatic hole cleaning (SafeSet)
· Manual Cleaning
· Compressed Air cleaning
| · Automatic hole cleaning (SafeSet)
· Manual Cleaning
· Compressed Air cleaning
| · Automatic hole cleaning (SafeSet)
· Manual Cleaning
· Compressed Air cleaning
Rebar diameter| 8 mm – 40 mm| 8 mm – 40 mm| 8 mm – 40 mm
Max Temperature in the mortar| 305°| 268°| 504°
At Installation temperature| -5 °C to +40 °C| -10 °C to +40 °C| +5 °C to +40
°C
In-Service temperature range| -40 °C to +80 °C| -40 °C to +80 °C| -40 °C to
+160 °C
Working/curing time (at 20°C)| 30 min / 420 min| 15 min / 90 min| 20 min / 10
days
Cartridge Volume| 330 ml, 500 ml, 1400 ml| 330 ml, 500 ml| 490 ml
Figure 2-3: Overview of Hilti Ultimate mortars for post-installed rebar applications
The current article specifically examines post-installed rebar connections according to EN 1992-1-1, where the system holds an ETA according to EAD 330087-02 [1], with a main focus on the fire design. Some application examples are lap splices with existing reinforcement or anchorage of a reinforcement in a slab or foundation with existing cast-in bars (see Figure 2-4 to Figure 2-7).
Figure 2-4: Overlap joint for rebar connections of slabs and beams, acc. to EAD 330087-02-0601 [1]
Figure 2-5: End anchoring of slabs or beams, designed as simply supported, acc. to EAD 330087-02-0601 [1]
Figure 2-6: Overlap joint at a foundation of a column or wall where the rebar is stressed in tension, acc. to EAD 330087-02-0601 [1]
Figure 2-7: Rebar connection for components stressed primarily in compression, acc. to EAD 330087-02-0601 [1]
Why is fire design so important?
Fire is certainly a clear danger to any construction and needs to be prevented
as a fire may occur anywhere and at any phase over the lifetime of a building,
whether during construction or during service.
Insurance can compensate for the material damage caused by a fire, but it
cannot protect against severe and irreparable consequences, such as loss of
life or health or damage to the environment.
To increase fire protection and limit the spread of fire, ensuring evacuation
routes and exits, the building should be divided into smaller fire sections by
using fire-resistant elements, such as floor, walls, etc, (Figure 2-8).
When post-installed reinforcing bar connections are part of a fire-rated
assembly (floor, roof, etc.), it is important that the fire resistance of the
connection is evaluated using test data for the time-dependent reduction in
bond strength associated with typical geometries and time-temperature loading
protocols.
In general, these elements are designed and constructed to provide a specific
period of fire load-bearing capacity resistance (R), typically rated for 30,
60, 90, 120, 180 or 240 minutes.
Figure 2-8: example of fire compartmentation
The post-installed connections involved in fire can be divided into two types:
- Overlapping splices, such as slab-to-slab connections, where the surface is exposed to fire and the temperature along the anchorage length is constant and a function of the concrete cover and duration of fire (Figure 2-9).
- Intersections, such as simply supported slab-to-wall connections, where the surface of the existing element and that of the new element is exposed and the temperature along the anchorage length is not constant (Figure 2-10).
Figure 2-9: Typical temperature distribution of overlapping splices connections under fire
Figure 2-10: Typical temperature distribution of intersection connections under fire
The next chapter provides an overview on how fire performance is assessed and what are the main advantages of using HIT-FP 700 R under fire loading.
FIRE PERFORMANCE
Fire qualification
The qualification of post-installed rebar connections in fire conditions is
covered by the European Assessment Document EAD 330087-02 [1], which is issued
by EOTA and allows a design according to Eurocode 2 [2]. The assessment
focuses on the bond strength behavior of the mortar in relation to
temperature. The outcome of the assessment reflected in the European Technical
Assessment is given in terms of temperature reduction factor kfi (θ) and is
used to calculate fbd,fi for equation 3.8 of Eurocode 2, part 1 (EN 1992-1-1)
[2].
The reduction factor kfi (θ) for the bond strength is derived through testing under simulated fire conditions. A constant load is applied to the rebar in a confined setup, while the temperature of the concrete specimen is increased according to a predefined heating rate. The temperature values are continuously measured in the borehole by means of two thermocouples. The temperature is increased until failure of the tested sample. With a minimum number of n=20 tested samples, and data points distributed in stress intervals smaller than 1 N/mm2, a fitting curve for the data set of tensile bond strength as a function of the weighted average measured temperatures at failure is assessed. This curve is then translated into the reduction factor kfi (θ) by calculating the ratio of the bond strength values to the reference value for cast-in-rebar for the respective concrete class.
Figure 3-1. Example of the graph of reduction factor kfi (θ) for concrete strength class C20/25, from EAD 330087-02 [1]
Some additional requirements are introduced in the latest version of EAD
330087-02 [1] for the test series described above. These account for the
particular behavior of cement-based mortars. For such systems, a lower
sensitivity to fire conditions is expected in comparison with resin-based
systems. Therefore, the qualification procedure considers the particular
possibility that failure does not occur at fire-relevant temperatures and
under certain applied loads.
The requirements for the testing protocol are thus adjusted in case this
situation occurs or failure is not observed. The potential run out load level
is confirmed with a total of three repetitions and the tests at lower loads
may be omitted.
In addition, for mortars exhibiting a limited reduction in strength over temperature (e.g. cement-based mortars) it must be ensured that the assessed fire performance given in the ETA is limited to the cast-in rebar performance under fire, as given in Eurocode 2 [4].
Fire design of post-installed rebar
The design of post-installed rebar connections can be carried out in
accordance with Eurocode 2 [4], based on the performance characteristics of
the mortar assessed following EAD 330087-02 [1].
This design path allows both a verification for the “cold” static loading
condition and the fire loading condition. This chapter provides a description
on how to achieve a fire design for post-installed rebar connections under
fire conditions in compliance with Eurocode 2 [4] and in line with the given
output from Hilti Software Profis Engineering (see Chapter 5).
The current provisions and the essential product characteristics needed as input for the verification of a connection system under fire are included in the European Technical Assessment of the relevant mortar, in the European Assessment Document EAD 330087-02 [1] and in the Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1
[2] and EN 1992-1-2 [4]). In particular, the ETA of the product provides the values of design bond stress in relation to the temperature. An example is given in Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2. Example of essential characteristics for fire conditions given in the ETA 21-0624 released dated 17/06/2022.
In the EAD 330087-02 [1], instructions are given to calculate the anchorage length in accordance with equation (8.3), using the design bond strength as a function of the temperature. This value is derived by considering the temperature reduction factor limited by 1.0 and the maximum temperature θmax, in accordance with the following equation.
where
According to EN 1992-1-2 [4], for reinforced concrete structures in fire conditions given by ISO 834 [5], the temperature over the embedment length of a post-installed rebar will vary based on time and distance from the exposed element surface, which is related to a specific geometrical configuration and the relevant sides of fire attack. Temperature profiles are then identified for various application cases,as given in EN 1992-1-2 [4], annex A, for each fire requirement expressed in terms of time resistance (e.g., R30, R60, R90, R120).
Figure 3-3. Example of temperature profiles for slabs with height h = 200 mm, from EN 1992-1-2, annex A, figure A.2 (left) [4]. Example of temperature profiles for a beam, h x b = 300 x 160 mm with fire requirement R90, from EN 1992-1-2, annex A, figure A.4 (right) [4].
Therefore, the common practice and state-of-the-art for the determination of the overall rebar bond stress to be used in equation (8.3) of EN 1992-1 [2] is to apply the so called Resistance Integration Method introduced in literature (Lahouar et al., 2018 [6]). The method requires a subdivision of the overall embedment length into shorter segments, each one having a different temperature according to the temperature profiles mentioned above and, therefore, a different contribution of bond stress associated with that temperature. The equivalent characteristic fire resistance of the connection is considered to be equal to the sum of the resistance values calculated in each segment.
For representative reasons, the segment length Δ?? shall be smaller than 2∙? and is generally taken around 10 mm. The mean temperature along the segment is considered to derive the bond resistance in that length.
Hence, in case of fire, the equation (8.3) of EN 1992-1-1 [2] has to be adjusted as follows.
Furthermore, the design anchorage length is given in equation (8.4) of EN 1992-1-1 [2], as follows.
For the design lap length calculation, section 8.7.3 of EN 1992-1-1 [2] applies, and the value is derived as follows.
Performance of HIT-FP 700 R
The new inorganic injection system can withstand high temperatures as shown in the long-term (100 °C) and short-term (160 °C) temperature classes for standard applications as given in the ETA-21/0624 (see Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-4. Performance level at 100°C and 160°C
In case of fire, the new resistance must also consider the used materials of
the anchorage. These include the elongation and expansion of the steel at high
temperatures as well as the heat-specific concrete capacity. Figure 3-5 shows
the comparison between the Hilti HIT-FP 700 R, the organic materials and the
concrete compressive capacity under fire.
For concrete class C20/25 and rebar diameter with fbd,PIR = 2.3 N/mm2 at
504°C, HIT-FP 700 R keeps 2.3 N/mm2 of design bond strength fbd,fi under fire
conditions (considering ????= 1.5 and ????,????= 1)
Figure 3-5. Graph of reduction factor kfi (θ) and design bond strength in fire conditions of HIT-FP 700 R for concrete strength class C20/25, compared to epoxy system and concrete
Performance comparison for cold and fire design
This section compares the performance of the new Hilti HIT-FP 700 R mortar in
cold and fire design for the types of connections described in chapter 2.1,
Figure 2-9 and Figure 2-10.
In the overlapping splices, such as slab-to-slab connections (see first column
of Figure 3-6), HIT-FP 700 R gives the solution with the shortest required
embedment length in fire conditions, already considering R30 requirement.
In intersection connections, such as slab to wall (see second column of Figure
3-6), the comparison of the mortars show less differentiation. On the other
hand, for a connection such as beam to column, where the fire is four-sided,
HIT-FP 700 R gives again the solution with the shortest embedment length in
fire conditions, such as R30 (see third column of Figure 3-6)
Figure 3-6 – Performance comparison in fire conditions
UNDERSTANDING HIT-FP 700 R
HIT-FP 700 R is not simply an additional injectable system: it is a new
technology. HIT-FP 700 R is the only injectable cement-based mortar which can
be stored for 12 months as paste yet and it is also the only chemical mortar
with high performance under fire and no creep behavior at high temperatures.
The HIT-FP 700 R technology enables a new chapter in the qualification of
injectable chemical mortars for which an update of the previous EAD 330087-01
[1] was needed (see paragraph 4.3).
A further characteristic is the dispensing force: compared to commonly used resin based injection systems, HIT-FP 700 R has low dispensing forces at all allowed temperature ranges that, along with extended working time, allows easy installation for deep embedment up to 2.5 m. (see Figure 4-1, Figure 4-2, Figure 4-3)
Differences and similarities between HIT-FP 700 R, grouts and resin-based
mortar
HIT-FP 700 R as an inorganic cement-based mortar provides unique fire
resistance properties which are superior to those of resin-based mortars. Due
to its inorganic characteristics, HIT-FP 700 R has a more stable displacement
and performance at high temperatures. However, unlike inorganic grouts, it is
characterized by its safer, more flexible and increased user-friendly
application properties, which resemble the application of resin-based mortars.
HIT-FP 700 R is applied by using our standard two-component injection system.
This technology tackles limitations for the installation direction [7], which
is typical of grouts (i.e., only downwards or inclined). The automatic use of
predefined mixing proportions during injection clearly reduces the risk of
erroneous or inconsistent mixing proportions, which is vital for the
performance and durability of the mortar [7] and may occur when handling
commercially available grouts on the job site. A tailored smooth consistency
helps to avoid the need for large drilling diameters when compared to the
rebar size, minimizing the amount of HIT-FP 700 R mortar needed.
The qualified anchoring mortar for post-installed rebars typically follow these guidelines:
- Declaration of performance based on EN 1504-6 [8]
- ETA (European Technical Assessment) based on EAD 330087-02 [1]
- ESR (Evaluation Service Report) based on ICC-ES AC308 [9]
The EN 1504-6 [8] does not provide a qualification as detailed as the other two methods. The EN1504-6 is outdated and does not consider important parameters in the qualification process of mortars, which could yield to connections designed in an unconservative way [7]. Post installed rebars having an ETA or ESR approval and designed in accord to ACI 318 [10] or Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1) [2] ensure the same safety level as for cast in rebar design. Hence the Declaration of performance based on EN1504-6 [8] does not provide an adequate safety level for the qualification of post-installed rebar connections and it is not compatible with design methods given by existing building codes [11].
Furthermore, as with other Hilti injectable mortar portfolio, HIT-FP 700 R is offered with Hilti SafeSet technology, in which dust is automatically extracted during the drilling process and the drill hole is additionally cleaned in compliance with ETA. The mortar is injected into the borehole with an automatic dispenser before the element is inserted into the borehole. Hilti SafeSet system is a combination of anchor system components that significantly increase the rebar’s robustness and help to significantly reduce potential user errors during the installation process.
Detailed installation characteristics of HIT-FP 700 R
Similar to many cementitious products, HIT-FP 700 R has a significantly longer
curing time (days) related to the installation temperature when compared to
“standard” injection systems (minutes) and small cracks and voids may be seen
in HIT-FP 700 R material expelled from the top of the borehole. This is due to
shrinkage. The presence of small cracks and voids are not critical and they
are considered in the final assessment of ETA.
In order to support the workflow and reduce the waiting time, two additional
times such as tassemby and tpre-loading, between the setting and the full
curing times, have been added to the IFU (Table 1). This allows a partial
loading before the full design load can be applied.
Table 1: IFU table for HIT-FP 700 R – curing at different temperatures.
Figure 4-10 : load level in function of the time at different temperatures.
EAD amendment: new state-of-the-art for the qualification of cement-based
mortars
The qualification of post-installed rebar connections is regulated by the
European Assessment Document EAD 330087 [12]. This document, in its previous
versions, formally covered both resin-based and cementitious mortars in its
scope. However, the qualification procedure given in the EAD has been used
almost uniquely for resin-based products, systems that function by means of
organic binders. As a consequence, chemical sensitivities of organic systems
were mainly considered in the development of the testing protocols and
assessment criteria of the EAD.
With the new Hilti technology allowing fully cementitious mortars to be used
in post-installed rebar connections for frequent use, several aspects of
performance related to cement-based products were investigated. The results of
the research and review study led to a confirmation of the majority of the
pre-existing requirements for both mortar types. In addition, some new
requirements were introduced in order to account for the specific
characteristics of inorganic binders in terms of microstructure stability,
especially with regards to the porosity degree and long-term effects, as well
as a tendency to a shrinking behavior.
These new qualification requirements are consolidated in the latest version of
the document, namely EAD 330087-02 [1]. As a first step, the new document
establishes a method to separate the mortar types into resin-based and cement-
based mortars. This distinction was not clearly described in the previous
versions, despite the presence of a few requirements dedicated to cementitious
products. The method consists of a compositional analysis based on the mass
loss over temperature for the assessed product.
Furthermore, two new test protocols apply specifically to the products
classified as cement-based mortars. The first aspect to be assessed is the
sensitivity of the rebar system for installations in low-relative humidity
concrete. This test aims at verifying the influence on the bond strength of
conditions related to dry outdoor and indoor climates and to a maximization of
shrinkage effects. The potential water suction of the surrounding concrete may
affect the cement hydration by altering the water-cement ratio of the mortar.
The second aspect to be assessed is the long-term stability of the mortar
microstructure. This characteristic of performance is verified in an
accelerated setup with severe exposure to high temperature and humidity,
namely the so-called weathering conditions. This check is required to evaluate
the sensitivity of the cementitious product to porosity variations, phase
conversions and disjoining pressure related to the phenomena previously
mentioned. The new requirements ensure that the published characteristic of
performance in the ETA, especially the bond strength values, maintain the same
reliability of the output of assessment required for resin-based mortars. This
new qualification procedure, including specific criteria for cement-based
mortars, now represents the state-of-the-art for the subject.
HILTI PROFIS ENGINEERING
AN EASY WAY TO SELECT THE RIGHT PRODUCT FOR FIRE DESIGN
Hilti PROFIS Engineering software gives engineers a quick and safer solution for designing post-installed rebars under fire conditions. The program determines splice and end anchorage lengths under hot conditions for accidental load combinations.
Furthermore, Hilti Software PROFIS Engineering design offers the following advantages:
- Flexibility to model fire conditions:
- determine the temperature along the rebars by inputting the required fire duration exposure
- enter a constant temperature along the rebars, calculated by engineers outside of PROFIS Engineering
- Calculate drill lengths for post-installed rebar in fire conditions
- Generate a clear and comprehensible design report containing information on the fire design results for your project documentation.
Figure 5-2: Temperature, bond strength reduction and bond strength distribution along anchorage length
REFERENCES
- European Assessment Document EAD 330087-02-0601 (Pending for citation in OJEU) Systems for post-installed rebar connections with mortar, EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Assessment).
- EN 1992-1-1:2004: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
- European Assessment Document EAD 332402-00-0601 (Pending for citation in OJEU) Post-installed reinforcingbar (rebar) connections with improved bond-splitting, EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Assessment).
- EN 1992-1-2:2004: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design.
- ISO 834-1:1999: Fire-resistance tests – Elements of building construction – Part 1: General requirements.
- Mohamed Amine Lahouar, Nicolas Pinoteau, Jean-François Caron, Gilles Foret, Philippe Rivillon, “Fire design of post-installed bonded rebars: Full-scale validation test on a 2.94x2x0.15m3 concrete slab subjected to ISO 834-1 fire,” Engineering Structures, vol. 174, pp. 81-94, 2018.
- Werner Fuchs, Jan Hofmann, “Post-installed reinforcing bars – Requirements for their reliable use,” Developments in the Built Environment, vol. 5, 2021.
- EN 1504-6:2006 Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity – Part 6:Anchoring of reinforcing steel bar.
- ICC-ES AC308: Acceptance Criteria for Post-installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete Elements.
- ACI 318: Building code Requirements for structural concrete and commentary, America Concrete Institute.
- Sara Cattaneo, Andrea Locatelli, Davide Rago, “Reliability of bonded anchors with diferent installation techniques: experimental assessment,” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019.
- European Assessment Document EAD 330087-01-0601 (2020) Systems for post-installed rebar connections with mortar, EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Assessment), December 2020.
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