ANALOG DEVICES UG-2182 Microwave Wideband Synthesizer User Guide

ANALOG DEVICES UG-2182 Microwave Wideband Synthesizer

FEATURES

• Self-contained board, including ADF4378 frequency synthesizer with integrated VCO, loop filter, USB interface, on-board reference oscillator, propagation delay calibration paths, and voltage regulators
• Windows®-based software allows control of synthesizer functions from a PC
• Externally powered by 6 V

EVALUATION BOARD CONTENTS

• EV-ADF4378SD1Z evaluation board

EQUIPMENT NEEDED

• Windows-based PC with USB port for evaluation software
• System demonstration platform, serial only (SDP-S) EVAL-SDPCS1Z controller board
• Power supply (6 V)
• Spectrum analyzer or phase noise analyzer, oscilloscope or digital communication analyzer (DCA)
• 50 Ω terminators
• Low noise REFIN source (optional)
• SYSREF clock

DOCUMENTS NEEDED

• ADF4378 data sheet

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

• ACE software, Version 1.26 or newer
• ADF4378 plugin, Version 1.2022.48100 or newer

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z evaluates the performance of the ADF4378 frequency synthesizer with an integrated voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) for phase- locked loops (PLLs). A photograph of the EV-ADF4378SD1Z is shown in Figure 1. The EV-ADF4378SD1Z contains the ADF4378 frequency synthesizer with an integrated VCO, a USB interface, power supply connectors, on-board reference oscillator, propagation delay calibration paths, and Subminiature Version A (SMA) connectors. The outputs are AC-coupled with 50 Ω transmission lines, which make the outputs suitable to drive 50 Ω impedance instruments. The EV- ADF4378SD1Z requires an SDP-S board (not supplied with the kit). The SDP-S allows software programming of the EV- ADF4378SD1Z with ACE software.

Full specifications on the ADF4378 frequency synthesizer are available in the ADF4378 data sheet available from Analog Devices, Inc., and must be consulted with this user guide when using the EV-ADF4378SD1Z evaluation board.

• Figure 1. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Evaluation Board Photograph
  

GETTING STARTED

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

To install the ACE software and ADF4378 plugin, do the following steps:

1. Install the latest version of the ACE software platform.
2. If the ADF4378 plugin appears automatically, proceed to Step 4.
3. Double-click the ADF4378 plugin file, Board.ADF4378.1.2022.48100.acezip.
4. Check that the ADF4378 plugin appears when the EVADF4378SD1Z is attached through the system demonstration platform (SDP) connector to the PC, as shown in Figure 3.

EVALUATION BOARD SETUP PROCEDURES

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z setup diagram is shown in Figure 2. The EV-ADF4378SD1Z uses a single 6 V power supply with J14 and J15 banana plugs or a J12 SMA connector by default. On-board low noise and low dropout (LDO) regulators are used to generate nominal 3.3 V and 5 V supplies.

For more details on the power supply circuitry, see the Power Supplies section.

To power-up the EV-ADF4378SD1Z, do the following steps:

1. Set the voltage of the power supply to 6 V and the current limit to 1 A.
2. Connect power cables to J14 and J15 (two banana cables) or to J18 (single SMA cable).
3. Turn on the power.

To run the software, do the following steps:

1. Select Start > All Programs > Analog Devices > ACE.
2. On the Select Device and Connection tab, choose ADF4378 and the EV-ADF4378SD1Z appears as shown in Figure 3 under Attached Hardware.
3. When connecting the EV-ADF4378SD1Z, allow 5 sec to 10 sec for the label on the status bar to change.

EVALUATION BOARD HARDWARE

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z requires the SDP-S platform that uses the EVAL-SDP-CS1Z.

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z schematics are shown in Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, and Figure 11.

POWER SUPPLIES

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z is powered by a 6 V power supply connected to the J12 SMA, or the banana plug, J14, and GND to the banana plug, J15.

The power supply circuitry has three LT3045 and one LT3042 high performance, low noise, and LDO regulators.

One LT3045 is used to generate 5 V to drive the VCO supply pins. The other two LT3045 provide 3.3 V supplies for Supply Group 1 and Supply Group 2.

Component placement for single 6 V supply is shown in Table 1. The EV- ADF4378SD1Z provides the flexibility to use external 3.3 V and 5 V supplies with component placement changes shown in Table 2.

Table 1. Component Placement for Power Supplies for Single 6 V Supply

| 3.3 V Supply  Group 1| 3.3 V Supply Group 2| 5 V Supply Group 1
---|---|---|---
6 V| R34| R38| R36| R39| R37| R40
Component| 0 Ω| Do not install (DNI)| 0 Ω| DNI| 0 Ω| DNI
Connector| J14 and J15 banana plug or J12 SMA connector

Table 2. Component Placement for Power Supplies for External Supplies

| 3.3 V Supply Group 1| 3.3 V Supply Group 2| 5 V Supply Group 1
---|---|---|---
External Supply| R34| R38| R36| R39| R37| R40
Component| DNI| 0 Ω| DNI| 0 Ω| DNI| 0 Ω
Connector| J19| J17| J16

The LT3042 is used to generate 5 V to drive the on-board ultra-low phase noise sine wave oscillator.

REFERENCE INPUT

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z has an on-board 125 MHz ultra-low phase noise sine wave oscillator to drive the ADF4378 reference input. The single-ended oscillator output is connected to the REFP pin, and the REFN pin is AC grounded.

The Y2 reference footprint supports 5 mm x 7.5 mm and 14 mm x 9 mm packages in the 4-pin or 6-pin format. The R87 and R91 resistors can be populated if there is a need to set the control voltage of an alternative voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO).

The default oscillator supply voltage is set to 5 V. If an alternative oscillator requires a different supply voltage, the resistor of the LT3042, R17, can be changed to provide the required supply voltage.

The reference input can also be driven externally via a pair of SMA connectors, REFN (J4), and REFP (J11). The on-board oscillator supply must be disabled when using an external reference.

Table 3 provides the required EV-ADF4378SD1Z modifications for the external reference clock.

The ADF4378 has a configurable reference input buffer whose performance can be optimized for different reference slew rates, amplitudes, and frequencies. For more information on the REF_SEL bit, BST_REF bit, and FILT_REF bit, refer to the ADF4378 data sheet.

For detailed reference buffer amplitude and frequency considerations, refer to the ADF4378 data sheet.

Table 3. Component Placement for Different Reference Sources

Component| Default OnBoard
Oscillator| Single-Ended External Reference| Differential External Reference
---|---|---|---
CML/LVPECL| LVDS
P8| Short Pin 1 and Pin 2| Short Pin 2 and Pin 3| Short Pin 2 and Pin 3| Short Pin 2 and Pin 3
C120| 1 μF| Remove C120| Remove C120| Remove C120
C13| DNI| 1 μF| 1 μF| 1 μF
C110| DNI| DNI| 1 μF| 1 μF
R9| 0 Ω| 0 Ω| Remove R9| Remove R9
R10| 49.9 Ω| 49.9 Ω| Remove R10| Remove R10
R13| DNI| DNI| 100 Ω| 100 Ω

SYSREF INPUT/OUTPUT

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z has differential SYSREF clock input through J12 and J13 SMA connectors, which can be used to retime SYSREF clocks with respect to reference clock. Retimed output clock is available on J7 and J10 SMA connectors. SYSREF output buffer is disabled with the default register settings. To enable it, in the POWER-DOWN area, clear the PD_SYSREFOUT box, as shown in Figure 6.

SYSREF input buffer can be configured to interface CML/LVPECL or LVDS signal levels using SR_SEL bit field. SR_SEL bit field sets the input common-mode voltage of the buffer to 1.85 for CML / LVPECL signals and 1.3 V for LVDS signals.

SYSREF monitor is used to determine whether SYSREF signal has valid setup and hold time with respect to reference input. If the setup and hold time of SYSREF clock is valid, SR_OK bit field returns 1. RST_SR_MON bit field should be toggled to reset the SYSREF monitor status before checking the SR_OK status.

INV_SR bit field is used to change the retiming edge of output clock. It is set to 0 by default. When IV_SR is set to 1, SYSREF output is delayed by half output clock cycle. If additional delay is required on the SYSREF output, SR_SEL bit field can be set to add additional delay to SYSREF output.

CLOCK OUTPUT

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z has two SMA connectors for the CLKP/ CLKN a differential clock outputs.

The output power of clock output channel can be adjusted by the software.

The clock output channel can be powered-down by the software or hardware.

If only one port of a differential pair is used, terminate the complementary port with an equal load terminator (in general, a 50 Ω
terminator). For more information on output termination examples, refer to the ADF4378 data sheet.

CALIBRATION PATH

The EV-ADF4378SD1Z calibration path has two pairs of SMA connectors, which are labeled REFN_CAL/REFP_CAL and CLK2P_CAL/CLK2N_CAL. The calibration path is used to measure and calibrate out the EV-ADF4378SD1Z effect on reference to output delay.

LOOP FILTER

The loop filter schematic is included in Figure 8. The fifth order loop filter on the EV-ADF4378SD1Z is optimized for the ADF4378 low noise amplifier (LNA) reference amplifier, a 6 dBm sine wave reference frequency of 125 MHz, a phase frequency detector (PFD) frequency of 250 MHz, and an 11.1 mA charge-pump current. A fourth order loop filter may be used with faster slew-rate reference signals that allow for use of the delay matched amplifier (DMA) reference amplifier of the ADF4378. For more information on loop filter design, refer to the ADF4378 data sheet.

SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI)

Connector P5 interfaces with the SDP-S to evaluate the ADF4378 using the ACE graphical user interface (GUI) software. A second connector, P2, is provided for software development. The P2 connector allows for a common open source hardware (OSH) board,
such as a peripheral module (Pmod™), Raspberry Pi, and SDP-K1, to interface directly with the EV-ADF4378SD1Z.

DEFAULT CONFIGURATION

All components necessary for local oscillator (LO) generation are installed on the EV-ADF4378SD1Z. The EV-ADF4378SD1Z is shipped with an 125 MHz crystal oscillator (XO), the ADF4378 synthesizer with an integrated VCO, and a 650 kHz loop filter (charge-pump current (ICP) = 11.1 mA) at 10 GHz. When the EVADF4378SD1Z is powered-up and connected to the ACE software,
click the Load Default and Write All Registers/ Initialize buttons, as shown in Figure 5, which provides a 10 GHz output clock on both clock output channels.

• Figure 2. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Setup Diagram

EVALUATION BOARD SOFTWARE

The ACE software is the main platform that is used to control the EV-ADF4378SD1Z. The ADF4378 plugin includes user interfaces that relate to the ADF4378 and allow evaluation of the device. Do the following steps to open the main control window for the ADF4378:

1. Launch the ACE application. With the SDP-S board connected to the EV-ADF4378SD1Z, the attached hardware appears in the GUI, as shown in Figure 3.
   Figure 3. ACE Start Page, Attached Hardware (ADF4378 Board Button)

   ---

2. Double-click the ADF4378 Board button, and the ADF4378 Board tab appears, as shown in Figure 4.
   Figure 4. ACE Board Page, Device Selection

   ---

3. Double-click the ADF4378 button that appears in Figure 4 to open the main control window, as shown in Figure 5.

MAIN CONTROLS

The main controls are available in the high-level register map, as shown in Figure 5. To modify registers, do the following steps:

• Figure 5. Main Page
  

• **Figure 6. Main Page After Loading Suggested Register Settings

  ---

  **

1. ACE plug-in is opened with power-on reset register values.
   The Load Default button must be clicked to load the suggested register settings for initialization.

2. After clicking Load Default, any changes to the configuration can be made before writing to device.

3. Click Write All Registers/ Initialize to load all registers and initialize the device.

4. Modify the registers as required. Click Apply Changes to load modified settings to the device. This action loads the updated registers only. All registers can be reloaded using the Write All Registers/ Initialize button.

The following list provides some miscellaneous tips to aid in executed common task:

• If VCO frequency or output frequency is outside of the operational range, an error message appears under the ERRORS box of the window.
• To power-down specific ADF4378 blocks, see the POWE RDOWN list in the window.
• To save a specific ADF4378 register configuration, click Memory Map Side-By-Side and then click Export. This exports the register values to a .csv file.

EVALUATION AND TEST

To evaluate and test the performance of the ADF4378, prepare the hardware and software setup as explained in the Evaluation Board Hardware and the Evaluation Board Software sections.

Run the software and follow the steps shown in the Evaluation Board Software section to open the main page, as shown in Figure 5.

Click the Load Default and Write All Registers/ Initialize buttons, respectively, which provide an 10 GHz clock at the CLKP/CLKN output. Measure the output spectrum and single-sideband phase noise on a spectrum analyzer.

Figure 7 shows a phase noise plot of the SMA CLKP output equal to 10 GHz with an on-board ultra-low noise sine wave oscillator (250 MHz PFD frequency).

• Figure 7. Single-Sideband Phase Noise of 10 GHz Output with On-Board 125 MHz Oscillator
  

EVALUATION BOARD SCHEMATIC AND ARTWORK

• **Figure 8. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Schematic,ADF4378 Connections and Loop Filter

  ---

  **

• Figure 9. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Schematic, On-Board Ultra-Low Noise Oscillator and Calibration Path
  DUAL FOOTPRINT REFERENCE, SUPPORT 5X7, 9X14 FOOTPRINTS
  
  CAL PATH: MATCH TO REF PATH AND CLKOUT PATHS
  
  

• Figure 10. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Schematic, LDO Regulators
  

• Figure 11. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Schematic, SDP Interface
  

• Figure 12. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Layer 1, Primary
  

• Figure 13. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Layer 2, Ground
  

• Figure 14. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Layer 3, Power
  

• Figure 15. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Layer 4, Secondary

• Figure 16. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Silkscreen, Top Side
  

• Figure 17. EV-ADF4378SD1Z Silkscreen, Bottom Side

Quantity| Reference Designator| Description| Manufacturer| Part Number
---|---|---|---|---
1| C1| Capacitor, 220 pF, 100 V, 5%, C0G, 0603| Kemet| C0603C221J1GACTU
7| C2, C3, C7, C8, C18, C19, C120| Capacitors, 1 μF, 6.3 V, 10%, X7R, 0402| Murata| GRM155R70J105KA12D
10| C9, C14, C15, C16, C21, C24, C32, C33, C34, C35| Capacitors, 0.1 μF, 16 V, 10%, X7R, 0402| Kemet| C0402C104K4RACTU
8| C36, C37, C38, C43, C44, C45, C55, C68 C46, C48, C49, C72| Capacitors, 4.7 μF, 25 V, 10%, X7R, 1206 Capacitors, X7R, 4-pins footprint| Kemet Taiyo Yuden| C1206C475K3RACTU GMK316AB7106KL-TR
1| C47| Aluminum electrolytic capacitor, 22 μF, 63 V, 20%, 6.3 mm × 7.7 mm, AEC-Q200| Sun Electronic Ind. Corp.| 63CE22BSA
1| C6| Capacitor, 100 pF, 50 V, 5%, C0G, 0603, AEC- Q200, low ESR| TDK| CGA3E2C0G1H101J080AA
1| CI1| Capacitor, 0.015 μF, 50 V, 5%, C0G, 0805| Murata| GRM2195C1H153JA01D
1| DS1| LED red surface mount| Rohm| SML-310LTT86
4| DS2, DS3, DS4, DS5| LED green surface mounts| Lumex| SML-LX1206GW-TR
2| E1, E2| Ferrite beads| Taiyo Yuden| FBMH1608HL601-T
5| J1, J16, J17, J18, J19| SMA jacks, 50 Ω, contact center surface mount with thru hole legs| Amphenol RF| 132134-15
12| J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J8, J9, J10, J11, J12, J13| SMA edge mounts| Emerson Network Power| 142-0761-811
2| J14, J15| Banana jacks| Keystone Electronics| 575-4
2| P1, P8| 3-position male headers, 2.54 mm pitch| Samtec Inc.| TSW-103-08-T-S
1| P2| 10-position female header, 2.54 mm pitch| Samtec Inc.| ESQ-105-24-L-D
1| P5| SDP-S connector| Hirose Electric Co. Ltd.| FX8-120S-SV(21)
6| R1, R4, R6, R7, R14, R29| Resistors, 0 Ω jumper, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-3GEY0R00V
1| R10| Resistor, 49.9 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-2RKF49R9X
3| R34, R36, R37| Resistors, 0 Ω, 5%, 1/4 W, 1206, AEC-Q200| Vishay| CRCW12060000Z0EA
4| R23, R24, R25, R116| Resistors, 619 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-2RKF6190X
4| R149, R150, R151, R152| Resistors, 1.5 kΩ, 1%, 1/16 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Stackpole Electronics, Inc.| RMCF0402FT1K50
1| R15| Resistor, 49.9 kΩ, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ- 3EKF4992V
1| R17| Resistor, 51.1 kΩ, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ- 3EKF5112V
2| R18, R46| Resistors, 33.2 kΩ, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ- 3EKF3322V
9| R2, R8, R9, R21, R22, R30, R33, R92, R98| Resistors, 0 Ω jumper, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-2GE0R00X
7| R20, R31, R32, R53, R57, R81, R82| Resistors, 200 kΩ, 1%, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-2RKF2003X
2| R16, R28| Resistors, 100 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ- 2RKF1000X
2| R3, R56| Resistors, 100 kΩ, 1%, 1/10 W, 0402, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ- 2RKF1003X
1| R35| Inductor unshielded wirewound, 2.2 μH, 5%, 7.9 MHz, 0.365 A, 1.28 Ω, 0805, AEC-Q200| Coilcraft Inc.| 0805LS-222XJLB
1| R5| Resistor, 100 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-3EKF1000V
1| R59| Resistor, 620 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-3EKF6200V
1| RZ| Resistor, 143 Ω, 1%, 1/10 W, 0603, AEC-Q200| Panasonic| ERJ-3EKF1430V
3| TP9, TP10, TP11| Test points, yellow| Components Corporation| TP-104-01-04
2| TP7, TP8| Solder terminal turrets for clip leads| Mill-Max| 2308-2-00-80-00-00-07-0
1| U1| Microwave wideband synthesizer with integrated VCO| Analog Devices, Inc.| ADF4378BCCZ
3| U2, U5, U7| 20 V, 500 mA, ultra-low noise, ultra-high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) linear regulator| Linear Technology| LT3045EDD#PBF
1| U3| IC 32 kb serial electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)| Microchip Technology| 24LC32A-I/MS
1| U4| 20 V, 200 mA, ultra-low noise, ultra-high PSRR RF linear regulator| Analog Devices, Inc.| LT3042EDD#PBF
1| Y3| Crystal oscillator, ultra-low noise sine wave clock oscillator| Crystek Corp.| CCSS-945X-25-125.000

ESD Caution

ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Charged devices and circuit boards can discharge without detection. Although this product features patented or proprietary protection circuitry, damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy ESD. Therefore, proper ESD precautions should be taken to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

Legal Terms and Conditions

By using the evaluation board discussed herein (together with any tools, components documentation or support materials, the “Evaluation Board”), you are agreeing to be bound by the terms and conditions set forth below (“Agreement”) unless you have purchased the Evaluation Board, in which case the Analog Devices Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale shall govern. Do not use the  Evaluation Board until you have read and agreed to the Agreement. Your use of the Evaluation Board shall signify your acceptance of the Agreement. This Agreement is made by and between you (“Customer”) and Analog Devices, Inc. (“ADI”), with its principal place of business at Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, ADI hereby grants to Customer a free, limited, personal, temporary, non-exclusive, non-sub licensable, non- transferable license to use the Evaluation Board FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES ONLY. Customer understands and agrees that the Evaluation Board is provided for the sole and exclusive purpose referenced above, and agrees not to use the Evaluation Board for any other purpose. Furthermore, the license granted is expressly made subject to the following additional limitations: Customer shall not (i) rent, lease, display, sell, transfer, assign, sublicense, or distribute the Evaluation Board; and (ii) permit any Third Party to access the Evaluation Board. As used herein, the term “Third Party” includes any entity other than ADI, Customer, their employees, affiliates and in-house consultants. The Evaluation Board is NOT sold to Customer; all rights not expressly granted herein, including ownership of the Evaluation Board, are reserved by ADI. CONFIDENTIALITY. This Agreement and the Evaluation Board shall all be considered the confidential and proprietary information of ADI. Customer may not disclose or transfer any portion of the Evaluation Board to any other party for any reason. Upon discontinuation of use of the Evaluation Board or termination of this Agreement, Customer agrees to promptly return the Evaluation Board to ADI. ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS. Customer may not disassemble, decompile or reverse engineer chips on the Evaluation Board. Customer shall inform ADI of any occurred damages or any modifications or alterations it makes to the Evaluation Board, including but not limited to soldering or any other activity that affects the material content of the Evaluation Board. Modifications to the Evaluation Board must comply with applicable law, including but not limited to the RoHS Directive. TERMINATION. ADI may terminate this Agreement at any time upon giving written notice to Customer. Customer agrees to return to ADI the Evaluation Board at that time. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. THE EVALUATION BOARD PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ADI MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO IT. ADI SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATIONS, ENDORSEMENTS, GUARANTEES, OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, RELATED TO THE EVALUATION BOARD INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NONINFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT WILL ADI AND ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM CUSTOMER’S POSSESSION OR USE OF THE EVALUATION BOARD, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS, DELAY COSTS, LABOR COSTS OR LOSS OF GOODWILL. ADI’S TOTAL LIABILITY FROM ANY AND ALL CAUSES SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT OF ONE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ($100.00). EXPORT. Customer agrees that it will not directly or indirectly export the Evaluation Board to another country, and that it will comply with all applicable United States federal laws and regulations relating to exports. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (excluding conflict of law rules). Any legal action regarding this Agreement will be heard in the state or federal courts having jurisdiction in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, and Customer hereby submits to the personal jurisdiction and venue of such courts. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods shall not apply to this Agreement and is expressly disclaimed.

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